四、教研优势
1.概况解读
About our research
The success of research at Queen Mary is due to the high calibre and dedication of our researchers and supporting staff, and the excellent working environments within our research teams, centres and institutes. We are distinguished by outstanding results in national research assessments, high levels of research funding, and ambitious plans for the future.Ambitious:Queen Mary's Strategic Plan 2014 sets out our aim to be within the top 10 universities in the UK, and top 75 in the world. In the most recent national assessment of research - the Research Excellence Framework (REF 2014) - we were ranked 9th in the UK among multi-faculty universities for the quality of our research.Thriving:Queen Mary's total research income is £130m. Many of our large awards are held jointly with other universities and cultural institutions, enabling the sharing of specialist knowledge and facilitating multi-disciplinary collaboration.Highly-regarded:We have done exceptionally well in external assessments of our research. As noted above, we were ranked 9th in the UK for the quality of our research among multi-faculty universities. Our Drama and Linguistics departments came top in the country, English was placed 5th, and the following research areas were placed in the top ten for their outputs: Chemistry (6th equal), Clinical Medicine and Public Health (6th), Computer Science (10th), Electronic Engineering (9th equal), Engineering (7th equal) and Geography (8th equal) (Times Higher Education).Collaborative：As a large multi-disciplinary university, we have strengths in many different disciplines, which enables interesting and constructive collaborative work. Our research centres formalise these valuable interdisciplinary links.We also enjoy strategic partnerships with academics in other universities, as well as strong links with cultural institutions.Inspiring:Research informs our teaching at all levels - whether that is inspiring undergraduates or supporting PhD students in actively contributing to the body of knowledge in their chosen field.Student satisfaction with the quality of teaching at Queen Mary remains consistently high. In the 2016 National Student Survey Queen Mary ranks top in London among Russell Group universities. A number of our subject areas received over 90 per cent for overall satisfaction; these include Medicine, Dentistry, Law and English.Generating new business:Much of our research has commercial potential, and we actively seek ways to bring it to the market place. Our latest licensing opportunities are available at Queen Mary Innovation Ltd - a company devoted to providing a wide range of services in support of business-academic partnerships, from technology licensing to spin-out activities.Queen Mary's spin-out success stories include ApaTech Ltd, a company specialising in synthetic bone graft material which was sold in March 2010 to Baxter International for up to $330 million. Major QMUL spin-outs are hvivo Ltd, and Actual Experience. Another spinout with origins at QMUL, Monoidics, was bought by Facebook in 2013. New spinouts include Augmented Instruments Ltd, commercialising our digitial audio technology, and Pronostics Ltd, providing technology to profile patients for cancer treatment. The aggregate value of the companies in the QMUL spinout portfolio is approaching £300M.
关于我们的研究，伦敦玛丽皇后大学学院的研究成果是由于我们的研究人员和支持人员的高水准和奉献精神以及我们研究团队、中心和研究所的优秀工作环境。我们在国家研究评估、高水平的研究经费和未来的宏伟计划方面都有突出的表现。我们的雄心：伦敦玛丽皇后大学的战略计划提出我们的目标是跻身英国前10大大学，世界排名前75位。在最近的国家评估——研究卓越框架中，我们在英国的多所大学中排名第九，这是我们的研究的质量。多年的蓬勃发展：伦敦玛丽皇后大学的总研究收入为1.3亿欧元。我们的许多大奖项都是与其他大学和文化机构共同举办的，这使我们能够分享专业知识，促进跨学科合作。享有盛誉：我们在外部评估方面做得非常好。如上所述，在英国，我们在多所大学的研究质量上排名第9。我们的戏剧和语言学部门在国家,英语被5日,以下研究领域被安置在前十位的输出:化学(第六平等)、临床医学和公共卫生(6日),计算机科学(10),电子工程(9日相等),工程(第七相等)和地理(8等于)(高等教育)。协作：作为一所大型多学科的大学，我们在许多不同的学科中都有优势，这使我们能够进行有趣的、有建设性的合作。我们的研究中心将这些有价值的跨学科链接正规化。我们还与其他大学的学者有战略合作关系，以及与文化机构的紧密联系。鼓舞人心：研究告诉我们各个层次的教学——无论是鼓舞本科生还是支持博士生在他们所选择的领域里积极地贡献知识。学生对伦敦玛丽皇后大学的教学质量的满意程度一直居高不下。在2016年的全国学生调查中，伦敦玛丽皇后大学在罗素集团大学中排名第一。我们的一些主题领域获得了超过90%的总体满意度，这些包括医学、牙科、法律和英语等专业。生成新业务：我们的很多研究都有商业潜力，我们也在积极寻找将它带到市场的方法。我们最新的授权机会是在伦敦玛丽皇后大学创新有限公司提供的，该公司致力于为商业学术合作提供广泛的服务，从技术许可到分拆活动。伦敦玛丽皇后大学的成功故事包括ApaTech Ltd.，一家专门从事合成骨移植材料的公司，该公司于2010年3月以3亿3千万美元的价格出售给巴克斯特国际公司。主要的QMUL分拆是hvivo以及实际的经验。另一种源自于QMUL的衍生自2013年被Facebook收购。新推出的新产品包括增强仪器有限公司，商业化我们的数字音频技术以及发音系统，为患者提供癌症治疗的技术。在QMUL spinout投资组合中，这些公司的总市值接近3亿。
2.设施完备的研究中心
Our research facilities:Researchers make use of a variety of facilities and resources at Queen Mary - many are listed on this page. You can find detailed descriptions of facilities on academic school and institute websites, see the organisational structure page for a list. Queen Mary also contributes to the RCUK-backed equipment sharing database equipment.data and is piloting a new online system for booking our research facilities called iLab.
Advanced Molecular Imaging Service (AMIS):AMIS was established in 2016 following a strategic investment of over £1.3m and draws together over 45 pieces of state-of-the-art advanced molecular imaging equipment. This umbrella service operates within dedicated facilities across the institutes of the School of Medicine and Dentistry, namely the Barts Cancer Institute (BCI), Blizard Institute and William Harvey Research Institute (WHRI), the School of Engineering and Material Sciences and the School of Biological and Chemical Sciences. Over 16 highly experienced core facility staff support a broad spectrum of multi-disciplinary users ensuring cutting-edge imaging capacity at one of the leading research centres in the UK and the world.
Antenna Measurement laboratory:The Antenna Measurement laboratory supports the work of the Antennas and Electromagnetics Group and offers one of the best university experimental facilities in Europe. Augmented Human Interaction laboratory:The Augmented Human Interaction (AHI) laboratory is equipped with state-of-the-art technologies including full-body and multi-person motion capture, virtual and augmented reality systems and advanced aural and visual display technologies. Founded on a collaboration between the Interaction, Media and Communication and the Computer Vision research groups, the AHI enables exploration of the potential of digital media to enrich and transform human communication.
Biological and Chemical Sciences research facilities:Facilities based in the School of Biological and Chemical Sciences include: an analytical laboratory; a confocal microscopy facility; high field liquid phase and solid state NMR; informatics resources; medium field liquid phase and solid state NMR; a protein purification facility; surface characterisation (XPSESCA, UPS, AES); an X-ray diffraction facility; and a Zebrafish facility.
Barts Cancer Institute:BCI has a variety of services which provide central support to the Research Centres and are available to other departments in QMUL and external users. The BCI systematically collects primary and metastatic tissue samples from an array of cancer types to support current and future research. The BCI currently hosts three national Tissue Banks and numerous local collections: see tissue banks.
Barts Cancer institute is well equipped with additional specialist facilities including:Affymetrix an array facility equipped to allow for efficient and concurrent throughput of both Gene Expression and SNP Genotyping chips.flow cytometry facility that can provide a high quality professional service related to flow cytometric techniques using cutting edge equipment,mass spectrometry laboratory which supports researchers with a variety of high quality mass spectrometry based analyses (covering both proteomics and metabolomics)
Advanced Molecular imaging facilities:and an extensive Pathology Service which offers a full range of histological techniques.For information about the core facilities and services please contact the manager Dr Linda Hammond.Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular ScienceThe Blizard Advanced Light Microscopy Faciltiy (BALM) provides high-tech multi-million pound advanced imaging technology and experienced staff. The BALM provides a broad range of equipment to cover most light microscopy applications and has the services to suit everyone from experienced light microscopy specialists, to people who have never touched a microscope before. We can cater for simple fluorescent microscopy to superresolution imaging. State of the art equipment allows for live cell confocal imaging at 140nm superresolution at speeds of 10fps. For deep imaging of biopsies and organotypic cultures, an additional Chameleon pulsed laser bed allows for Multiphoton acquisition with excitation from 680 to 1080nm. Combined with the fast Airyscan and precision extended range piezo z drive, thick samples can be imaged extremely fast and accurately at increased signal to noise and at superresolution. Large specimens can be cleared and stained beforehand with our Clarity tissue clearing setup. Our Laser Dissection Microscope allows the collection of single cell material for analysis.And our pathology core facility providing histopathology services to members of Queen Mary and other academic institutes, as well as providing a diagnostic service to the private sector.
Centre for Condensed Matter and Materials Physics (CCMMP) laboratories:A range of well-equipped laboratories supports the work of the Centre for Condensed Matter and Materials Physics including equipment for the production of nanotubes and functionalised fullerines, and laser ablation facilities to produce nanoparticles.
Clinical Trials Units:Queen Mary hosts specialised Clinical Trials Units - the Pragmatic CTU, the Centre for Experimental Cancer Medicine, the William Harvey Clinical Research Centre, and the Cancer Prevention Trials Unit.
Computational research facilities:Queen Mary hosts a High Performance Computing (HPC) cluster with 5000 cores, supported by the ITS Research group. QMUL researchers can use the facilities free of charge for performing computationally intensive research. A wide variety of applications are available, including Matlab, Gaussian, R, a range of compilers, and many domain-specific tools.The particle physics group host an STFC funded High Throughput Cluster which forms part of gridPP comprising 3600 CPU cores.QMUL are also active participants in SES, Midlands Plus, the Thomas Young Centre, as well as specialist facilities including JADE, the national facility for machine learning and eMedLab, an MRC-funded private cloud for supporting medical biomedical research.
Film and drama studio:A fully-equipped film and drama studio is at the heart of the stunning ArtsTwo building, a £21m development which also houses the School of History
QMUL Archives:The Archives are located in the Mile End Library and hold a wealth of fascinating institutional, personal archives and rare prints, dating from the 17th Century to the present day. The collections document the rich history of the College, and provide vital evidence for research in the arts, humanities and social science. Contact: archives@qmul.ac.uk
Genome Centre:The Genome Centre has successfully provided genetic and genomic research facilities to researchers within Queen Mary and the wider Life Sciences research community for over 10 years. The facility enables studies of the genome, transcriptome and epigenome on any scale, and can be booked through iLab. Find out more about Bioinformatics, which are a critical part of this research.
Mechanical Testing Labs:The mechanical testing labs in the School of Engineering and Materials Science are equipped to carry out tests to determine mechanical properties of materials such as yield and ultimate tensile stresses, Young's modulus, shear modulus, Poisson's ratio, fracture toughness, and hardness.The School of Engineering and Materials science is well-equipped with a range of additional facilities - see SEMS Research Facilities.
NanoVision Centre:The NanoVision Centre is a multimillion pound, state-of-the-art microscope unit, which brings together the latest imaging technologies to open up new avenues for research, combining high resolution imaging with structural, chemical and mechanical analysis. A multidisciplinary facility, the NanoVision Centre has the capacity to advance the frontiers in materials science, cell and molecular sciences, structural biology, solid state physics and the earth sciences.
Physical Geography laboratories:The Physical Geography laboratory facilities have been designed specifically to cater for physical geography and environmental science research, providing ample opportunity for varied undergraduate classes, postgraduate and academic research. The laboratories are also used for analytical work undertaken on a consultancy basis. Please visit The School of Geography for further information. The Centre for Micromorphology uses an X-Ray CT system, scanning electron microscope and optical microscope.
我们的研究设施：研究人员利用大学的各种设施和资源，其中很多都列在这一页上。你可以在学术学校和研究所网站上找到关于设施的详细描述，可以看到一个列表的组织结构页面。伦敦玛丽皇后大学还为支持rcuk的设备共享数据库设备做出了贡献。数据并正在试行一种新的在线系统来预订我们的研究机构iLab。
先进的分子成像服务(AMIS)：阿米斯公司成立于2016年，其战略投资超过130万英镑并将超过45件先进的先进分子成像设备结合在一起。这个伞式服务在医学和牙科学院的专门机构内运作也就是巴茨癌症研究所(BCI)、Blizard研究所和威廉哈维研究所(WHRI)、工程和材料科学学院以及生物和化学科学学院。超过16名经验丰富的核心设备员工支持多学科的多学科用户，确保在英国和世界领先的研究中心之一的尖端成像能力。
天线测量实验室：天线测量实验室支持天线和电磁学组的工作并提供欧洲最好的大学实验设施之一。
增强人机交互实验室：增强人类互动(AHI)实验室配备了最先进的技术，包括全身和多人动作捕捉、虚拟现实和增强现实系统以及先进的听觉和视觉显示技术。在互动、媒体和通信以及计算机视觉研究小组的协作下，AHI能够探索数字媒体的潜力从而丰富和改变人类的交流。
生物和化学科学研究机构：生物和化学科学学院的设施包括：一个分析实验室、共焦显微镜设施、高场液相和固态核磁共振、信息资源、中场液相和固态核磁共振、蛋白质净化设施，、表面特征(XPS ESCA，UPS，AES)、x射线衍射设施;斑马鱼和设施。
巴癌症研究所：BCI有多种服务为研究中心提供中心支持并可用于QMUL和外部用户的其他部门。BCI系统从一系列癌症类型中收集主要和转移性的组织样本，以支持当前和未来的研究。BCI目前有3家全国性的组织银行和大量的本地收藏。
巴茨癌症研究所拥有更多的专业设施包括：Affymetrix的一个阵列设备，它可以使基因表达和SNP基因型芯片的有效和并发吞吐量得到提高。流式细胞仪可提供与流式细胞测量技术有关的高质量专业服务，使用尖端设备，质谱分析实验室为研究人员提供各种高质量质谱分析(包括蛋白质组学和代谢组学)。
先进的分子成像设备：以及广泛的病理服务，提供了一整套的组织学技术。有关核心设施和服务的信息请与经理琳达哈蒙德博士联系。布利扎德细胞与分子科学研究所布利扎德先进的光学显微镜法(香油)提供了高科技的数百万英镑的先进成像技术和经验丰富的员工。这种药膏提供了广泛的设备来覆盖大多数光学显微镜的应用，并且提供了适合所有人的服务，从经验丰富的光学显微镜专家，到从未接触过显微镜的人。我们可以使用简单的荧光显微镜来进行超分辨率成像。这种设备的状态允许以10fps的速度在140纳米的超分辨率下进行活细胞共焦成像。对于活组织切片和器官培养的深度成像，另一种变色龙脉冲激光床可以让从680到1080nm的多光子捕获。结合快速的空气扫描和精密的扩展范围压电z传动，厚的样品可以快速准确地在增加信号的噪音和超分辨率的情况下进行。大的标本可以在我们清晰的组织清理装置之前被清除和染色。我们的激光解剖显微镜允许单细胞材料的收集进行分析。我们的病理核心设施为伦敦玛丽皇后大学和其他学术机构的成员提供组织病理学服务，并为私营部门提供诊断服务。
凝聚物质和材料物理中心(CCMMP)实验室：一系列设备齐全的实验室支持浓缩物质和材料物理中心的工作，包括用于生产纳米管和功能化富勒胺的设备以及激光烧蚀设备来生产纳米粒子。
临床试验单位：伦敦玛丽皇后大学主持了专门的临床试验单元实用的反恐组、实验癌症医学中心、威廉哈维临床研究中心和癌症预防试验小组。
计算研究设施：伦敦玛丽皇后大学主持了一个高性能计算(HPC)集群，该集群拥有5000个核心，由其研究小组支持。QMUL的研究人员可以免费使用这些设备进行计算密集型的研究。有各种各样的应用程序，包括Matlab、高斯、R、一系列编译器和许多特定领域的工具。粒子物理组主持一个STFC资助的高吞吐量集群，它构成了由3600个CPU内核组成的gridPP的一部分。伦敦玛丽皇后大学还积极参与了SES、中部地区、Thomas Young中心的活动，以及包括玉在内的专业设施，这是一家由mrc资助的私人云，用于支持医学生物医学研究。
电影和戏剧工作室：一个装备齐全的电影和戏剧工作室位于令人惊叹的艺术建筑的中心，这是一个2100万的发展项目也是历史学院的建筑。
伦敦玛丽皇后大学档案：档案馆位于一英里尽头的图书馆，收藏了大量迷人的机构、个人档案和珍贵的版画，从17世纪到现在。这些文集记录了大学的丰富历史为艺术、人文和社会科学的研究提供了重要的证据。联系:archives@qmul.ac.uk
基因组中心：基因组中心已经成功地向伦敦玛丽皇后大学和更广泛的生命科学研究领域的研究人员提供了基因和基因组研究设施为期10年。该设备可以在任何规模上对基因组、转录组和表观基因组进行研究，并且可以通过iLab进行预约。更多地了解生物信息学，这是这项研究的关键部分。
机械测试实验室：工程和材料科学学院的机械测试实验室装备了测试，以确定材料的力学性能如屈服和极限拉伸应力、杨氏模量、剪切模量、Poisson的比例、断裂韧性和硬度。工程和材料科学学院设备齐全，有一系列额外的设施——看看SEMS的研究设施。
NanoVision中心：纳米视觉中心是一个价值数百万英镑、最先进的显微镜单元它汇集了最新的成像技术，为研究开辟了新的途径将高分辨率成像与结构、化学和机械分析结合在一起。作为一个多学科的机构，纳米视觉中心有能力推进材料科学、细胞和分子科学、结构生物学、固态物理和地球科学等领域的前沿。
自然地理实验室：物理地理实验室设施是专门为满足物理地理和环境科学研究而设计的，为不同的本科、研究生和学术研究提供了充足的机会。实验室也被用于在咨询基础上进行的分析工作。请访问地理学院获取更多信息。微形态学的中心使用x射线CT系统，扫描电子显微镜和光学显微镜。
3、杰出研究成果展示
Bumblebees shed light on why some individuals are smarter than others
Bumblebees may be able to tell us why some people are smarter than others, according to new research from Queen Mary University of London (QMUL) published in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B.By examining the brains of bees trained to different tasks, the researchers found that the number of connections between nerve cells may hold the answer to questions about individual cognitive differences. Bees with a greater density of nerve connections (known as synaptic complexes) in a specific part of their brains had better memories and learned faster than bees with fewer connections in these areas.Trained bumblebeesShe and her colleagues first trained bumblebees to discriminate between ten differently coloured artificial flowers, five of them containing rewarding sugar water and five of them containing bitter quinine solution. Two days later, the bees were tested on how well they remembered which colours were rewarding and which were not. Then, using an imaging technique called confocal microscopy, the researchers looked deep in the brains of these bees at areas known to be responsible for visual learning and memory.They found that bees with a higher density of synaptic complexes within the visual association area of the brain had a better memory for the colours two days after training. Additional experiments showed that bees that learned faster (shown by taking fewer landings to find the right flowers) also had a higher density of synaptic complexes in the visual association area.Clint Perry, senior author on the paper, said: “These correlations suggest that bees with more synaptic complexes in the visual association areas of their brain were predisposed to better memory and faster learning. Our findings are the first to suggest a strong correlation between the number of neural connections in the brain and how well an individual does on a cognitive task. However, at this stage we cannot show a causative link between the two.”Impact of the environment,The researchers also found that the environment can affect the organisation of synaptic complexes in different ways. Bees trained with artificial flowers of many colours had greater densities of nerve connections than bees that trained among uncoloured or only a couple of coloured flowers.The researchers hope their results will prompt further investigations into the potential link between the organisation of nerve connections and individual differences in learning and memory.Dr Perry said: “Our results should provide new avenues for understanding the neural basis of cognition in all animals, including humans.”
研究成果一：大黄蜂阐明了为什么有些人比其他人聪明
根据伦敦玛丽皇后大学(QMUL)的最新研究，大黄蜂可能会告诉我们为什么有些人比其他人聪明。这一研究发表在英国皇家学会学报b上。通过检查接受不同任务的蜜蜂的大脑研究人员发现，神经细胞之间的连接数量可能会回答有关个体认知差异的问题。在大脑特定区域的神经连接密度更大(称为突触复合体)的蜜蜂拥有更好的记忆和学习速度，比那些在这些区域中联系较少的蜜蜂更快。她和她的同事们首先训练了大黄蜂区别10种不同颜色的人工花其中5种含有奖励糖水，5种含有苦味的奎宁溶液。两天后，蜜蜂测试了它们对哪些颜色是有益的，哪些是没有的。然后，利用一种叫共焦显微镜的成像技术，研究人员在已知负责视觉学习和记忆的区域内，深入研究了这些蜜蜂的大脑。他们发现，在训练后的两天内，大脑视觉联想区域内的突触复合体密度较高的蜜蜂对颜色有更好的记忆。另外的实验表明，那些学习得更快的蜜蜂(通过较少的着陆来找到合适的花朵)也在视觉关联区域的突触复合体密度更高。Clint Perry是该论文的资深作者，他说:“这些相关性表明，在大脑视觉关联区域中有更多突触复合体的蜜蜂，更倾向于更好的记忆和更快的学习。”我们的研究结果首次表明，大脑中神经连接的数量与个体在认知任务上的表现有密切的联系。然而，在这个阶段，我们不能显示两者之间的因果联系。”环境的影响,研究人员还发现，环境会以不同的方式影响突触复合体的组织。用许多颜色的人工花训练的蜜蜂比那些在没有颜色的或只有几只花的花中训练的蜜蜂更密集的神经连接。研究人员希望，他们的研究结果将进一步调查神经连接组织与学习和记忆个体差异之间的潜在联系。佩里博士说:“我们的研究结果应该为理解包括人类在内的所有动物的认知神经基础提供新的途径。”
High BMI and blood pressure create a heavy heart
Being overweight or obese creates damaging changes to the structure of the heart, according to new research led by Queen Mary University of London (QMUL).The new research, published in the journal PLoS ONE, uses UK Biobank data to reveal – for the first time – the direct damage that carrying extra weight has on the heart’s weight and size, and implicates a range of other modifiable risk factors including high blood pressure.The British Heart Foundation-funded research, which included academics from University of Oxford, used cardiac magnetic resonance imaging to carefully study the structure and function of the hearts of 4,561 people from the UK Biobank database - an international health resource following the health and well-being of 500,000 volunteer participants.After adjusting for risk factors that can’t be modified, the team were able to measure the effects of a range of lifestyle risk factors, including blood pressure, smoking status, body mass index (BMI), exercise, cholesterol, alcohol intake and diabetes, on the four chambers of the heart. They showed that risk factors could all have varying effects on the heart, but an overall increased heart weight was linked to overweight and obese individuals.Previous studies have definitively proven the link between high BMI and heart disease but have predominantly shown how it increases blood pressure, cholesterol and the risk of developing diabetes, which are all independent risk factors for heart disease. This new study was able to see and measure the direct damage that modifiable risk factors have on the structure and function of the heart.'The silent impact of being overweight'Professor Steffen Petersen, lead author at QMUL's William Harvey Research Institute, said: “We all know that our lifestyle has a big impact on our heart health – particularly if we’re overweight or obese. But researchers haven’t fully understood how exactly the two things are linked.“With this research, we’ve helped to show how an unhealthy lifestyle increases your risk of heart disease. BMI and blood pressure in particular led to heavier and bigger hearts, which increases the risk of heart problems, including heart attacks.”Professor Sir Nilesh Samani, Medical Director of the British Heart Foundation, said: “This research shows the silent impact of being overweight and having high blood pressure on the structure and function of the heart, which over time may lead to heart disease and heart failure.“The important message is that these are things we have the power to change before they result in irreversible heart damage.”
研究成果二：体重指数高、血压高、心脏很重
根据伦敦玛丽皇后大学(QMUL)的最新研究，超重或肥胖会对心脏结构造成破坏性的改变。这项新研究发表在公共科学图书馆综合杂志上，使用了英国生物合作银行的数据首次揭示了额外体重对心脏的重量和大小造成的直接损害，并暗示了一系列其他可改变的危险因素，包括高血压。英国心脏基金会资助的一项研究，包括来自牛津大学的学者，利用心脏磁共振成像技术仔细研究了4561名来自英国生物库数据库的心脏的结构和功能，这是一项在50万志愿者的健康和福祉之后的国际健康资源。在调整了无法修改的危险因素后研究小组能够测量一系列生活方式风险因素的影响包括血压、吸烟状况、体重指数(BMI)、运动、胆固醇、酒精摄入和糖尿病，这些因素都在心脏的四个房间里。研究表明，风险因素对心脏的影响可能各不相同，但总体而言，心脏的增加与超重和肥胖的人有关。之前的研究已经明确证明了高BMI和心脏病之间的联系，但主要显示了它如何增加血压、胆固醇和患糖尿病的风险，这些都是心脏病的独立风险因素。这项新的研究能够发现并测量可改变的危险因素对心脏结构和功能的直接损害。“体重超重的无声影响QMUL的威廉哈维研究所的首席作者Steffen Petersen教授说：“我们都知道，我们的生活方式对我们的心脏健康有很大的影响——尤其是如果我们超重或肥胖。”但研究人员还没有完全弄清楚这两件事是如何联系起来的。“通过这项研究，我们已经证明了一种不健康的生活方式会增加你患心脏病的风险。”身体质量指数和血压尤其会导致心脏更重、更大，这增加了心脏病的风险，包括心脏病发作。英国心脏基金会的医学主任Nilesh Samani教授说:“这项研究表明，超重和高血压对心脏的结构和功能的影响是无声的，随着时间的推移可能会导致心脏病和心脏衰竭。重要的信息是这些是我们在造成不可逆转的心脏损害之前有能力改变的东西。
Vitamin D protects against severe asthma attacks
Taking oral vitamin D supplements in addition to standard asthma medication could halve the risk of asthma attacks requiring hospital attendance, according to research led by Queen Mary University of London (QMUL).Asthma affects more than 300 million people worldwide and is estimated to cause almost 400,000 deaths annually. Asthma deaths arise primarily during episodes of acute worsening of symptoms, known as attacks or ‘exacerbations’, which are commonly triggered by viral upper respiratory infections.Vitamin D is thought to protect against such attacks by boosting immune responses to respiratory viruses and dampening down harmful airway inflammation.The new study, funded by the National Institute for Health Research, and published in The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, collated and analysed the individual data from 955 participants in seven randomised controlled trials, which tested the use of vitamin D supplements.Overall, the researchers found that vitamin D supplementation resulted in:a 30 per cent reduction in the rate of asthma attacks requiring treatment with steroid tablets or injections - from 0.43 events per person per year to 0.30..a 50 per cent reduction in the risk of experiencing at least one asthma attack requiring Accident and Emergency Department attendance and/or hospitalisation - from 6 per cent of people experiencing such an event to 3 per cent..Vitamin D supplementation was found to be safe at the doses administered. No instances of excessively high calcium levels or renal stones were seen, and serious adverse events were evenly distributed between participants taking vitamin D and those on placebo.Lead researcher Professor Adrian Martineau said: “These results add to the ever growing body of evidence that vitamin D can support immune function as well as bone health. On average, three people in the UK die from asthma attacks every day. Vitamin D is safe to take and relatively inexpensive so supplementation represents a potentially cost-effective strategy to reduce this problem.”The team’s use of individual participant data also allowed them to query the extent to which different groups respond to vitamin D supplementation, in more detail than previous studies.In particular, vitamin D supplementation was found to have a strong and statistically-significant protective effect in participants who had low vitamin D levels to start with. These participants saw a 55 per cent reduction in the rate of asthma exacerbations requiring treatment with steroid tablets or injections - from 0.42 events per person per year to 0.19.However, due to relatively small numbers of patients within sub-groups, the researchers caution that they did not find definitive evidence to show that effects of vitamin D supplementation differ according to baseline vitamin D status.Professor Hywel Williams, Director of the NIHR Health Technology Assessment Programme, said: “The results of this NIHR-funded study brings together evidence from several other studies from over the world and is an important contribution to reducing uncertainties on whether Vitamin D is helpful for asthma – a common condition that impacts on many thousands of people worldwide.”Dr David Jolliffe from QMUL, first author on the paper, added: “Our results are largely based on data from adults with mild to moderate asthma: children and adults with severe asthma were relatively under-represented in the dataset, so our findings cannot necessarily be generalised to these patient groups at this stage. Further clinical trials are on-going internationally, and we hope to include data from them in a future analysis to determine whether the promise of today’s results is confirmed in an even larger and more diverse group of patients.
研究成果三：维生素D能预防严重的哮喘发作
根据伦敦玛丽皇后大学(QMUL)领导的研究表明，除了标准的哮喘药物外，服用口服维生素D还可以使哮喘发作的风险减半。全世界有3亿多的人患有哮喘，据估计每年有近40万人死于哮喘。哮喘的死亡主要发生在急性加重的症状，即所谓的“攻击”或“恶化”，这通常是由病毒上呼吸道感染引起的。维生素D被认为可以通过增强对呼吸道病毒的免疫反应和抑制有害的呼吸道炎症来预防此类攻击。这项新的研究由国家健康研究所资助，并发表在柳叶刀呼吸医学杂志上。该研究整理并分析了来自955名参与者的个人数据，这些数据来自7个随机对照试验，测试了维生素D补充剂的使用情况,有效和具有成本效益的总的来说，研究人员发现补充维生素D的结果是:用类固醇片或注射剂治疗的哮喘发作率降低30%，从每人每年0.43例降至0.30例。:至少有一次哮喘发作的风险降低了50%，这需要事故和急诊部门的出席和/或住院治疗——从6%的患者到3%。在服用的剂量中发现维生素D是安全的。没有出现过高的钙水平或肾结石的例子，在服用维生素D和服用安慰剂的参与者之间，严重的不良事件被平均分配。首席研究员Adrian Martineau说：“这些结果增加了越来越多的证据，证明维生素D可以支持免疫功能和骨骼健康。”平均而言，每天有三名英国人死于哮喘发作。维生素D是安全的而且相对便宜因此补充物代表了一种潜在的具有成本效益的策略来减少这一问题。”需要进行进一步的临床试验,研究小组对个体参与者数据的使用，也使他们能够查询不同组对维生素D补充的程度，比以往的研究更详细。特别地，维生素D补充剂在缺乏维生素D水平的参与者中具有很强的和统计显著的保护作用。这些参与者发现，需要使用类固醇片或注射剂治疗的哮喘发病率降低了55%，从每人每年0.42次降至0.19次。然而，由于在亚组中相对较少的患者，研究人员警告说，他们没有找到明确的证据来证明维生素D补充的效果与维生素D的基本水平不同。海维尔·威廉姆斯教授NIHR卫生技术评估项目主任说:“这NIHR-funded研究结果汇集了来自其他几个研究的证据来自世界各地和减少不确定性是一个重要的贡献是否维生素D有助于哮喘——一种常见的条件,影响全世界成千上万的人。”大卫从QMUL Jolliffe博士在论文第一作者,补充道:“我们的结果在很大程度上是基于数据从成人轻度至中度哮喘:儿童和成人患有严重哮喘相对弱势的数据集,那么我们的研究结果并不能必然地普遍这些患者组在这个阶段。进一步的临床试验正在进行中，我们希望在未来的分析中包含来自他们的数据，以确定今天的结果是否会在更大更多样化的患者群体中得到确认。”
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