三、教研优势
1.世界一流的研究环境
SER VICES FOR RE SEARCH ERS
The research support services pave the way for smooth research work and save time for research. The services are offered through the University’s intranet Flamma, as on-site services near the researchers, in campus-specific service centres and in University Services. They are continuously developed to meet the users’ needs.On-Site Ser vicesThe nearest support staff can be found in the offices of faculties, departments and independent institutes. The staff in these units help researchers with daily problems, cooperate with the service providers in University Services, and when needed, assist the researcher in finding the appropriate service provider. Typically, on-site services include financial and human resources services, and in some units, also assistance with funding applications. Units are also responsible for providing researchers with work spaces and technical services.Re search Ser vicesResearch Services helps researchers in preparing their projects and in delivering the research results for the service of the society at large. Its services cover the planning and application of research funding, legal support for research projects, business cooperation and the exploitation of research results.Research Services is a part of the Research Affairs sector of Central Administration. It works in close cooperation with the University of Helsinki–owned Helsinki Innovation Services Ltd, which provides innovation and commercialisation services.Fin an cial and Hu man Re sources Ser vicesCampus service centres offer services related to the management of finances and human resources. Their operations are overseen by University Finance and Human Resources and Legal Affairs in Uniersity Services. International Staff Services, which operates under Human Resources and Legal Affairs, ensures that international researchers can settle seamlessly in Finland and also assists University of Helsinki researchers with the practicalities of relocating abroad.Lib raryThe Helsinki University Library offers researchers electronic and printed materials and the related services, including assistance and training in information retrieval, open access publishing and the management of research materials. The University Library operates on all campuses.
研究人员服务
现场服务最近的支持人员可以在学院，部门和独立机构的办公室找到。这些单位的工作人员为研究人员提供日常问题，与大学服务部门的服务提供商合作，并在需要时协助研究人员找到合适的服务提供商。通常情况下，现场服务包括财务和人力资源服务，还有一些单位还协助资助申请。单位还负责为研究人员提供工作空间和技术服务。研究服务部门帮助研究人员准备项目，为研究人员提供服务于整个社会的研究成果。其服务涵盖研究资金的规划和应用，研究项目的法律支持，业务合作和研究成果的开发。研究服务部门是中央行政研究部门的一部分。它与赫尔辛基赫尔辛基创新服务有限公司紧密合作，提供创新和商业化服务。有关可用于研究人员的服务的更多信息，财务和人力资源服务校园服务中心提供与财务和人力资源管理有关的服务。他们的业务由大学财务与人力资源与法律事务处在研究服务负责监督。在人力资源和法律事务部门经营的国际员工服务中心确保国际研究人员可以在芬兰无缝协调，并协助赫尔辛基大学的研究人员将其搬迁到国外。赫尔辛基大学图书馆为研究人员提供电子和印刷材料及相关服务，包括信息检索方面的援助和培训，开放获取出版和研究材料的管理。大学图书馆在所有校区内都可以找到。
RE SEARCH IN FRA STRUC TURES
Research infrastructures are a fundamental requirement for research work. They support organised research and researcher education while maintaining and developing the University's research capacity. Typical components of research infrastructures include:Equipment, research and measuring stations, research vessels, specialised laboratories.Research material collections and databases, archives and libraries.Communication networks, high-performance computing centres, other IT capacity.Infrastructure maintenance and upkeep as well as support services for usersHigh-stand ard re search in fra struc tures are a key suc cess factor for the Uni versity.The University of Helsinki is Finland's most important provider of research infrastructures and a significant institution on the European scale. To maintain and further establish this position, the University develops its infrastructures and the related national and international cooperation constantly. The University of Helsinki Research Infrastructure Programme details the administration and development policy for infrastructures during the 2013–2016 strategy period (english version). In addition to the University’s own programme, important infrastructure documents include the national roadmap for research infrastructures from 2014 and the corresponding European roadmaps drafted by the European Strategy Forum for Research Infrastructures (ESFRI). The University is involved in 16 infrastructures on the ESFRI roadmap and 21 infrastructures on the national roadmap. In addition, the University provides access to several more international and national infrastructures.
研究基础设施
研究基础设施是研究工作的根本要求。支持有组织的研究和研究人员教育，同时保持和发展大学的研究能力。研究基础设施的典型组成部分包括：设备、研究和测量站、研究船、专业实验室.研究材料集合和数据库，档案和图书馆.通信网络，高性能计算中心，其他IT容量。基础设施维护和维护以及用户支持服务。有关大学研究基础设施的更多信息可通过TUHAT系统获得，您可以根据主题或搜索字词浏览或搜索基础设施。高标准的研究基础设施是大学的关键成功因素赫尔辛基大学是芬兰最重要的研究基础设施提供商，也是欧洲规模的重要机构。为了维护和进一步树立这一立场，大学不断发展基础设施和相关的国家和国际合作。赫尔辛基大学研究基础设施计划详细介绍了2013-2016战略期间基础设施的管理和发展政策(英文版)。除了大学自己的计划之外，重要的基础设施文件还包括2014年国家研究基础设施路线图和相应的欧洲路线图由欧洲研究基础设施战略论坛(ESFRI)起草。该大学参与了ESFRI路线图的16个基础设施和国家路线图上的21个基础设施。此外，大学还提供了更多的国际和国家基础设施。
谁开发研究基础设施?
研究基础设施的发展和支持主要是由研究机构，部门和独立研究机构使用的单位的责任。校园特定的基础设施组织和大学的研究基础设施委员会负责起草校园大学层面的先验和基础设施政策。大学的研究基础设施委员会设有各校区的代表，其主席是研究与教育副主任。资金等资源，大学每年为其研究基础设施分配大量资源(资金、人员、设施)。此外，国家或国际重大项目还提供专项资金。这种专项资金的分配是通过评估过程决定的。待资助项目由大学层面的研究基础设施委员会根据校园和教职人员专门委派的评估团队进行评估。负责人决定所有集中资金。大学范围内的拨款申请将在申请期开始之前及早公布。除了资金和设施资源之外，大学还通过TUHAT系统和其他渠道，为基础设施提供了重要的支持。主办单位的网站也是基础设施宣传的重要形式，其中包括对基础设施的描述和向大学及其合作伙伴提供的服务。除了TUHAT，国家路线图中提到的那些基础设施也列在国家开放科学基础设施数据库中。开放科研基础设施，赫尔辛基大学在研究基础设施方面也积极参与制定和实施开放科学的原则。开放和可达性是UH研究基础设施的一个重要方面，并在其分类中形成中心标准。除了国家和UH级别的政策之外，每个研究基础设施都具有如何利用基础设施和提供的服务的具体指导方针。
OPEN SCI ENCE
The University of Helsinki’s research is the most open of its kind in Finland. We are pioneers of both producing and using open data. We increasingly make the results of our research available to all of society to be used as a shared knowledge base.Our research helps us solve global challenges and produce deeper understanding of the world around us. The openness of the research process along with our open operating culture accelerate and facilitate the broader exploitation of our research results. At the University of Helsinki, openness is the foundation of research.Open ness as the Uni versity's goalPublicly funded research belongs to both the academic community and society at large. Opening the entire research process helps us find new, better research questions and opportunities for cooperation, which will improve the impact of our research. Open research work is a requirement for good scientific practices. Open publications and openly available data repositories are accessible for all, which increases the public’s trust towards research and public institutions.Open science is one of the University’s strategic development areas. The University is developing research environments and infrastructures based on open science while developing monitoring for research visibility. According to a report from the Open Science and Research Initiative project, the University of Helsinki had been most successful among Finnish research organisations in implementing an open culture.Openness is implemented in a systematic and strategic manner. Ethical and legal aspects are considered when opening research data. As a rule, dissertations, research publications and resources generated at the University are open access. The University also recommends the use and development of open methods and software in research.Principles of Open PublishingResearch Data PolicyIn nov ate through open data and codeThe Think Open pilot website brings together the University of Helsinki’s open research data, code and publications. Feel free to use them! Read the researcher interviews to find out what open science can do. Open science enables new forms of cooperation and generates innovations.Think OpenHow is open sci ence present in a re search er's daily work?For researchers, opening up research data and publications brings more visibility and more citations. In practice, openness means that research material, methods and publications are made available online with no restrictions whenever possible. Extensive accessibility, usability and transparency of the entire research process benefits everyone. In terms of open science, open peer review is also a way of opening up research and the research process to a wider audience.At the University, the open self-archiving of articles into the University’s digital repository Helda ensures that articles can be accessed and stored permanently. Other methods of open access publishing can be found in the Open Access guide for researchers. Instructions for managing and describing research data such as measurement results, corpuses or survey results can be found in the Research Data Management guide.Open Access guide for researchers – Funder and publisher open access guidelines, author payments, support and instructions for open access publishing
开放科学
赫尔辛基大学的研究是芬兰最开放的。我们是生产和使用开放数据的先驱。我们越来越多地将我们的研究结果提供给所有社会用作共享知识库。我们的研究有助于我们解决全球挑战，并更深入地了解我们周围的世界。研究过程的开放性以及我们开放的经营文化，加快了我们研究成果的广泛开发。在赫尔辛基大学，开放是研究的基础。开放为大学的目标公共资助的研究属于学术界和整个社会。开放整个研究过程有助于我们找到新的更好的研究问题和合作机会，这将提高我们研究的影响。开放的研究工作是良好科学实践的要求。开放的出版物和公开的数据存储库可供所有人使用，这增加了公众对研究和公共机构的信任。开放科学是大学的战略发展领域之一。大学正在开发基于开放科学的研究环境和基础设施，同时开展监测研究的可见性。根据报告，从开放式科学与研究计划项目，赫尔辛基大学已经芬兰的研究机构中最成功实施开放的文化。开放是以系统和战略的方式实施的。研究数据时，会考虑伦理和法律方面的问题。通常，在大学生成的论文，研究出版物和资源是开放获取的。大学还建议在研究中使用和开发开放的方法和软件。开放出版研究数据政策的原则通过开放数据和代码进行创新Think Open试点网站汇集了赫尔辛基大学的开放研究数据，代码和出版物。随意使用它们!阅读研究人员访谈，了解开放科学可以做什么。开放科学实现新形式的合作，产生创新。想开放开放科学在研究者的日常工作中如何存在?研究人员开放研究数据和出版物带来更多的可见性和更多的引用。在实践中，开放意味着研究材料，方法和出版物可以在线提供，没有任何限制。整个研究过程的广泛可访问性，可用性和透明度对每个人都有好处。在开放科学方面，公开的同行评审也是开放研究和研究过程的一种方式，让更广泛的受众。在大学，将文章开放自主归档到大学的数字存储库Helda可确保文章可以永久访问和存储。开放获取发布的其他方法可以在研究人员的开放获取指南中找到。有关管理和描述研究数据(如测量结果，语料库或调查结果)的说明可以在“研究数据管理”指南中找到。研究人员的开放获取指南，资助者和发布商开放获取指南，作者付款，开放存取发布的支持和说明研究数据管理指南，研究数据管理和生命周期，开放数据和数据档案，Tuhat数据库指令 - 报告、自归档、ORCID链接DMPTuuli - 数据管理规划工具。
2.战略研究领域
STRA TEGIC RE SEARCH AREAS
During the strategic period 2017–2020, the University seeks to meet four major challenges. The digital world, ageing and health, globalisation and sustainable development. Its three strategic research areas include the life sciences, the human mind in a changing world as well as the structure of matter and materials science.Life sciences are approached through the Helsinki Institute of Life Science. The human mind in a changing world consists of three thematic sub-areas: the digital humanities, the mind and change as well as the world order and global interaction. The structure of matter and materials science are a particular focus at the Faculty of Science.Through these strategic research areas, the University seeks to focus its research profile and to guide research in a more multidisciplinary, solution-focused direction to generate competence clusters that transcend organisational boundaries. The strategic focus areas steer strategic research and investments at the unit and University levels. They will also boost the visibility of the research conducted at the University.
战略研究领域
在2017 - 2020年的战略时期，大学寻求迎接四大挑战。数字世界、老龄化与健康、全球化、可持续发展。它的三个战略研究领域包括生命科学，人类思维在不断变化的世界以及物质和材料科学的结构。生命科学是通过赫尔辛基生命科学学院来习得的。在不断变化的世界人类心灵由三个专题子领域：数字人文、思想和变化以及世界秩序和全球互动。物理和材料科学的结构是科学院的一个特别关注点。通过这些战略研究领域，大学力图将研究重点放在研究领域，并指导研究在更多的多学科，以解决方案为重点的方向，以产生超越组织边界的能力集群。战略重点领域在单位和大学层面引导战略研究和投资。他们也将提高大学研究的知名度。
Di gital ana lysis de ciphers how the an cients thought
Together with her research group, Saana Svärd wants to find out what people living in the ancient Near East were thinking. They are turning to methods from the digital humanities for help.Saana Svärd’s research team is facing quite the challenge. They need to find out what people who lived in the great empires of the ancient Near East thought of themselves as members of a group.The Centre of Excellence in Ancient Near Eastern Empires, which will launch in early 2018, has received an eight-year grant from the Academy of Finland.New ap proaches,The Centre of Excellence consists of three research groups that study the mental processes and identities of ancient people from three perspectives. The groups are enlisting new methods to supplement traditional research tools.Svärd’s group employs methods from the digital humanities. Jason Silverman is studying the topic from the broadest possible perspective: his group focuses on what research can tell us about social identities in general terms. Antti Lahelma’s group is delving into the material side of empires and identities by turning to archaeology..The goal is that within a few years, the Centre of Excellence will include roughly thirty researchers through a variety of connections.“So far the study of ancient cultures in the Middle East has been fairly conservative in terms of methodology, but now, every one of our research groups is making new methodological innovations,” says Svärd.Di git ising clay tab lets,Svärd’s group, which has embraced methods from the digital humanities, has enlisted tools commonly used in language technology and social network analysis.Chronologically, the research begins with the first great Mesopotamian empire, the Neo-Assyrian Empire in approximately 800 BCE, and extends to the beginning of the Common Era.An immense amount of text is recorded on clay tablets. The fact that many of the texts have been transcribed in their original language and digitised during the past few decades means that it is possible to use digital tools to process the material..Lan guage re veals the speaker.Svärd has already conducted the first experiments in cooperation with Krister Lindén, research director in language technology.“The texts on the clay tablets can be studied through digital methods almost in the same ways as contemporary languages,” Svärd explains.Svärd plans to use language technology to discover word clusters which feature terms that describe different peoples.“The language was a conceptual system which structured the way people thought. It can help us gain access to the mental processes of these people.”The research will also carry out an analysis of social networks to determine the relationships between different people. From the texts, Svärd hopes to discern the kinds of groups that people belonged to.
研究领域一：数字分析破译古人的思想
与她的研究小组一起，萨那·斯瓦尔德(SaanaSvärd)想了解古代近东的人们在想什么。他们正在转向数字人文学科的方法来寻求帮助。SaanaSvärd的研究团队面临着相当的挑战。他们需要找出生活在古代近东的伟大帝国的人怎样认为自己是一个群体的成员。古代近东帝国卓越中心将于2018年初推出，获得了芬兰科学院八年的资助。新方法，卓越中心由三个研究小组组成，从三个角度研究古代人的心理过程和身份。这些小组正在征求新的方法来补充传统的研究工具。Svärd的团队采用数字人文学科的方法。杰森·西尔弗曼(Jason Silverman)从最广泛的角度研究这个话题：他的小组侧重于一般研究可以告诉我们关于社会认同的研究。Antti Lahelma的团队正在通过转向考古学深入研究帝国和身份的物质方面。目标是在几年之内，卓越中心将通过各种关系包括大约三十名研究人员。“到目前为止，中东古代文化的研究在方法论方面相当保守，但现在，我们每个研究小组都在进行新的方法创新，”Svärd说。数字化粘土片，Svärd的团队采用了数字人文学科的方法，已经在语言技术和社会网络分析中使用了常用的工具。按时间顺序，研究从第一个伟大的美索不达米亚帝国，公元前约800年的新亚述帝国开始，延伸到共同时代的开始。粘土片上记录了大量的文字。许多文本以原始语言转录并在过去几十年被数字化的事实意味着可以使用数字工具来处理材料。语言揭示了演讲者，Svärd已经与语言技术研究总监KristerLindén合作进行了第一次实验。Svärd解释说：“粘土片上的文本可以通过数字方法进行研究，几乎与现代语言相同。Svärd计划使用语言技术来发现具有描述不同人物的术语的单词群。“这种语言是一种构想人们思想方式的概念系统。它可以帮助我们获得这些人的心理过程。研究还将对社会网络进行分析，以确定不同人士之间的关系。从文本中，Svärd希望了解人们所属的群体种类。
How to bring history to 21st century?
It’s not enough to speak the language of the new generations – one must also use their tools. Paula shares her experiences.After an intensive stretch of attending international conferences and workshop of varying scope and extent within the environmental humanities, it is a tempting point to reflect on some observations about digital media as a means of science communication. The humanities in general, and history in particular might not be reputed for being in the forefront of applying new technological devices or media in communicating their research. Based on my recent experiences, it definitely seems that in this regard the scholars in humanities have taken within the last few years big steps in operating with digital means in addition and in conjunction with the traditional written papers and oral presentations at conferences.The environmental history community, which has strong and traditional ties to the natural sciences, has in comparison to e.g. general history, adopted the poster format much wider as an established and meaningful mode of presenting research. As conference presentation slots are limited, a good poster session naturally also enables broader participation. The European Society for Environmental History launched this year a new “Best poster price”, which is a petite, but important gesture to encourages submitting posters, acknowledges good and visually attractive science communication, and invites also to experiment with new ways of constructing a poster. For the first time I experienced a poster that had a QR-code attached to it in order to link the viewer/audience to an oral video presentation with more detailed information on the subject. This innovative way of extending the limited space offered in a poster took advantage of easy-to-use, readily available digital means to bring scholarly communication into a multi-media mode.Historians with their narratives embracing winding stories might have difficulties in condensing their research into increasingly short and pithy messages. Nevertheless, tweeting seems to have penetrated also the history community with full force. Live streaming of talks and interactive participation through tweets summarize key points, distribute snapshots and highlight fascinating details of topics under discussion. Scholars missing the actual event are engaged through tweets and during the recent Nordic Historians Conference it seemed to me that the most insightful questions to key note speakers were actually delivered via Twitter. Maybe commenting on a key note in front of a full audience makes some people uncomfortable, and tweeting thus makes contributing easier?Naturally, this kind of (new?) science communication poses also a new challenge to a scholar, whose training and career has mainly focused on academic writing of extensive narratives. Perhaps we need to rethink our curricula keeping in mind the possibilities and perhaps increasing expectations that new digital forms of science communication poses to us and the future generations of digital native scholars.
研究领域二：环境人文学科的数字媒体与科学传播
如何把历史带到二十一世纪?说新一代的语言还不够 - 还必须使用他们的工具。在环境人文学科范围广泛的参加国际会议和研讨会之后，反映数字媒体作为科学交流手段的一些观点是一个诱人的观点。一般的人文科学，特别是历史，可能不会被誉为在应用新的技术装置或媒体传播研究的前沿。根据我最近的经验，在这方面，似乎在过去几年里，人文学科学者们在数字化手段的作用下，在传统的书面论文和会议口头报告中也采取了大量的步骤。与自然科学有着密切的传统联系的环境史社区与一般历史相比，采用海报格式更广泛，作为建立和有意义的研究方式。由于会议演示时间有限，一个好的海报会议自然也可以让更广泛的参与。欧洲环境史学会今年推出了一个新的“最佳海报价格”，这是一个娇小但重要的姿态，鼓励提交海报，承认良好和视觉上有吸引力的科学交流，并邀请实验新的方式来构建海报。我第一次体验到附有QR码的海报，以便将观众/观众链接到口头视频演示文稿，并提供有关该主题的更多详细信息。历史学家的叙述包含着迂回的故事，可能会将研究凝聚成越来越短而简单的信息。尽管如此，啾啾似乎也充斥着历史社会的渗透。通过Twitter发布会话和互动参与的现场直播，总结了重点，分发快照并突出了正在讨论的主题的迷人细节。缺席实际事件的学者们通过推特和最近的北欧历史学家大会，在我看来，关键笔记演讲者最有见地的问题实际上是通过Twitter发布的。也许在完整的观众面前评论一个关键音符会让一些人感到不舒服，因此tweeting会使得更容易做出贡献?当然，这种(新的)科学交流对学者来说也是一个新的挑战，他们的培养和事业主要集中在广泛叙述的学术写作上。也许我们需要重新思考我们的课程，牢记新的数字形式的科学传播对我们和未来几代的数字本土学者的可能性或可能增加的期望。
Can a ma chine ever learn to think ab stractly like hu mans?
The development of artificial intelligence is reviving eternal philosophical questions about the nature of the mind, understanding and meaning. To have a machine genuinely understand something, we need to arrive at a deeper understanding of what ‘understanding’ itself means.There are two dolls on a table, which are covered by a curtain. An adult puts her hand behind the curtain and removes one of the dolls. The curtain is then raised and behind it there are ... still two dolls. A watching child's gaze rests on the dolls for more than the usual time, because the situation is surprising. There should only have been one doll left on the table. The number of dolls seems surprising for even one or two-day old children.Karen Wynn, Professor of Psychology and Cognitive Science at Yale University, was the first to perform this doll test. She published the results in Nature in 1992. The results suggest that some numerical concepts are innate to humans. On the other hand, the same effect has been observed in many animals, ranging from chimpanzees to goldfish.What about the entire number line? Do we have an innate understanding that numbers are arranged from left to right? We at least know that a number line is more than a mere mental image. The so-called SNARC effect (Spatio Numeric Association of Response Codes) refers to the fact that we subconsciously group large numbers to the right of the body and small numbers to the left.Mathematical concepts are the key to the philosophy of abstract thinking.However, this does not guarantee that the number line concept is innate to humans. The Chilean American cognitive scientist Rafael Nuñez has argued that the SNARC effect is based on learned, culturally related issues. Alongside linguist George Lakoff, Nuñez has also theorised that mathematical concepts are essentially a kind of metaphor. Nuñez and Lakoff presented their theory in a book published in 2002, "Where Mathematics Comes From? How the Embodied Mind Brings Mathematics into Being”.Why, in general, are researchers interested in the nature of mathematical concepts in the human brain and mind?Mathematical concepts provide a key to the philosophy of abstract thinking. By the early twentieth century, mathematicians and philosophers were already worried that concepts, such as those of the number line and functions, were overly based on intuition. What if the assumption of an infinite number of points is contradictory? Do infinities exist only in the minds of mathematicians, or are they part of the real world?Such questions led to the formalisation of mathematics at the beginning of the twentieth century. This grounds the indisputable nature of mathematical concepts in precise rules of symbolic manipulation. Such rules establish which strings are accepted (axioms) and how new strings (theorems) can be deducted from them. The set theory is an example of an attempt to ground mathematics in a simple list of axioms and rules.However, the set theory does not tell us where these concepts (such as real numbers, functions or the number line) originate. Nor does it tell us why we want to discuss them in the first place. Cognitive science provides a way of approaching mathematical concepts from the other side, as it were. It begins by posing questions about where ideas come from and the essence of abstract thinking. This approach also brings us to another eternal question: what is it that makes us human.New light is being shed on these issues in the context of artificial intelligence. What would it mean for a computer to be capable of abstract thought? We are unlikely to be able to build such a computer without understanding the nature of abstract in humans.Karen Wynn's experiments, which I mentioned at the beginning of this article, show that in the case of infants small numbers – such as two and three – are independent of the sensory channel.
研究领域三：机器能够像人类一样学习抽象思维吗?
人工智能的发展正在复兴关于心灵本质，理解和意义的永恒哲学问题。要让机器真正了解某些东西，我们需要深入了解“理解”本身的含义。桌子上有两个娃娃，被窗帘遮住。一个成年人把她的手放在幕后，去掉一个娃娃。窗帘然后抬起，后面还有两个娃娃。一个看孩子的目光坐在娃娃上比平时更多，因为情况令人惊讶。桌上只有一个娃娃。娃娃的数量似乎令人惊讶，甚至一天或两天的孩子。耶鲁大学心理学与认知科学教授凯伦·温恩(Karen Wynn)是第一个进行这种娃娃测试的人。她在1992 年出版了“ 自然”的结果。结果表明，一些数值概念对人类来说是天生的。另一方面，在许多动物中观察到同样的效果，从黑猩猩到金鱼。整个号码行怎么样?我们有一个先天的理解，数字从左到右排列?我们至少知道一条线不仅仅是一个心理形象。所谓的SNARC效应(Spatio数字响应代码协会)是指我们潜意识地将大数字分配到身体的右侧，左边是小数字。数学概念是抽象思维哲学的关键。然而，这并不能保证数字概念对人类是天生的。智利美国认知科学家拉斐尔·努涅斯(RafaelNuñez)认为，SNARC的作用是基于学习的，文化上相关的问题。除了语言学家乔治·拉科夫，努涅斯也认为数学概念本质上就是一种隐喻。Nuñez和Lakoff在2002年出版的一本书“数学来自”中，数学如何使数学成为现实“中提出了他们的理论。为什么一般来说，研究人员对人脑和脑中数学概念的本质感兴趣?数学概念为抽象思维哲学提供了一个关键。二十世纪初，数学家和哲学家们已经担心像数字线和功能这样的概念过度依赖于直觉。如果无限数量的假设是矛盾的呢?难道只有在数学家的思想中才能存在，或者是真实世界的一部分吗?这些问题导致了二十世纪初数学的正式化。这就是数学概念在符号操纵的精确规则中的无可争辩的本质。这样的规则确定哪些字符串被接受(公理)以及如何从它们中扣除新的字符串(定理)。集合理论就是一个尝试在简单的公理和规则列表中研究数学的例子。然而，集合理论并没有告诉我们这些概念(如实数，函数或数字)来源于何处。也没有告诉我们为什么我们首先要讨论它们。认知科学提供了一种从另一方面接近数学概念的方法，就像它一样。它首先是提出想法来源于抽象思维的本质的问题。这种方法也给我们带来另一个永恒的问题：这是什么使我们成为人类。使数学或抽象思维成为可能的认知系统或大脑的最小特征是什么?如果在窗帘后面露出了错误的娃娃数量，黑猩猩也会感到惊讶。另一方面，只有人类似乎能够理解数字线和规则在方程中的应用。本着理论的精神，认知科学家可能会问：“认知系统或大脑的最小特征是否会使数学或抽象思维成为可能?”2002年，认知科学家Hauser，Chomsky和Fitch 建议我们理解，递归的能力，即反复规则的应用，是我们语言和数学能力背后的主要因素，这使我们与其他动物区分开来。人类的想象力，思想和规划(即不仅仅是语言)也似乎是基于递归的。在人工智能的背景下，这些问题正在揭开新的光芒。计算机能够抽象思考的意思是什么?我们不可能在不了解人类抽象的性质的情况下构建这样一台电脑。在本文开头提到的凯伦·温恩的实验表明，在婴儿的数量较少的情况下，例如两岁和三岁，与感觉通道无关。如果两个连续的声音播放到一个婴儿，但显示三个点，宝宝会注意到数字的差异。因此，数字的概念是天生的，不管使用的感官和参考框架。哲学家大卫·查尔斯(David Chalmers)认为，我们对一个问题的意识理解包括在不同参考框架中使用它的能力。在前面的例子中，这意味着通过视觉和听觉来应用数字的概念。这最后一个想法让我们回到了传统的，古老的意识问题。上述问题通过语义绑定在一起，它探讨了概念的意义如何发生。抽象的数学概念提供了一个很好的研究方法。如果我们能够了解数学概念如何在大脑中发生，我们将会更深入地了解意识的本质和意义本身的本质。只有这样，我们才能问我们如何让电脑了解什么。正是这些接口，人造智能正在寻求其目前的形式。计算机可以输出字符串“1 + 1 = 2”，但对这个想法没有更广泛的理解。但是，如果我们能够诱导人工智能来理解两个声音在某种程度上与两秒和两点相同，我们可能会更接近于真正理解数字 - 以及我们大脑的数学本质。
请继续阅读第3页为赫尔辛基大学校园环境和杰出校友详细介绍。