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在英语学习中，语法的学习是非常重要的。英语的句型复杂多变，如果语法知识掌握不够全面很容易出错。下面是出国留学网(www.liuxue86.com)英语四六级频道为大家搜集整理的四级语法大全—非谓语动词，希望对大家有所帮助!
不定式
形式
主动形式 被动形式
一般式 to do to be done
完成式 to have done to have been done
进行式 to be doing
完成进行式 to have been doing
完成式：不定式的一般形式所表示的动作，通常与主要谓语表示的动作(状态)同时(或几乎同时)发生，或是在它之后发生。假如不定式所表示的动作，在谓语所表示的动作(状态)之前发生，就要用不定式的完成式。
I am glad to have seen your mother (= I am glad I have seen your mother).
(比较: I am glad to see you.)
He is said to have written a new book about workers.
He pretended not to have seen me.
进行式: 如果主要谓语表示的动作(状态)发生时，不定式表示的动作正在进行，这时要用不定式的进行式。
You are not supposed to be working. You haven't quite recovered yet.
We didn't expect you to be waiting for us here.
He pretended to be listening attentively.
完成进行式: 在谓语所表示的时间之前一直进行的动作, 就要用不定式的完成进行式.
The struggle was known to have been going for twenty years.
We are happy to have been working with you.
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在英语学习中，语法的学习是非常重要的。英语的句型复杂多变，如果语法知识掌握不够全面很容易出错。下面是出国留学网(www.liuxue86.com)英语四六级频道为大家搜集整理的四级语法大全—代词，希望对大家有所帮助!
1.each，either，neither和由some，any，no，every构成的复合代词，都作单数看待。
Each of us has something to say.
Is everybody ready?
Somebody is using the phone.
Neither of us has gone through regular training.
Has either of them told you?
2.some, few, both, many 等作复数
some 可后接复数，也可接单数，表示某一。
3.none作复数看待时较多，但也有时作单数看待，主要看说话人脑中联系想到的是复数还是单数概念，但none在代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数：
None of the books are easy enough for us
None of us seem to have thought of it.
None (= not a single one) of us has got a camera.
None (= nobody) has felt it more keenly than she did.
None of this worries me.
4.all 和most 可后接复数，也可接不可数名词 (all of the…， most of the …)， 动词用单数。
5.由and 或 both… and 连接名词词组时, 后用复数; 由not only…but (also), either…or, neither…nor或 or 连接的并列主语, 谓语通常和最邻近的主语一致
Not only the switches but also the old writing has been changed.
My sister or my brother is likely to be at home.
Either you or Mr Yang is to do the work.
Neither my wife nor I myself am able to persuade my daughter to change her mind.
6.如果一个句子是由there 或here引导, 而主语又不止一个, 谓语通常也和最邻近的那个主语一致。
There was carved in the board a dragon and a phoenix.
Here is a pen, a few envelopes and some paper for you.
7.people， pol...
在英语学习中，语法的学习是非常重要的。英语的句型复杂多变，如果语法知识掌握不够全面很容易出错。下面是出国留学网(www.liuxue86.com)英语四六级频道为大家搜集整理的四级语法大全—从句，希望对大家有所帮助!
在以as， than， when， if， unless等引导的从句中的省略： 在有些状语从句中，如果谓语包含有动词be，主语又和主句的主语一致a)，或者主语是it b)，就常常可以把从句中的主语和谓语的一部分(特别是动词be)省略掉。
Look out for cars when crossing the street.
When taken according to the directions, the drug has no side effects.
While there he joined in voluntary labour on a project.
Although not yet six months old, she was able to walk without support.
If not well managed, irrigation can be harmful.
Though reduced in numbers, they gained in fighting capacity.
This viewpoint, however understandable, is wrong.
Enemies, once discovered, were tightly encircled and completely wiped out.
She hurriedly left the room as though/if angry.
She worked extremely hard though still rather poor in health.
Fill in the application as instructed.
Whenever known, such facts should be reported.
The documents will be returned as soon as signed.
He said that no acrobat could ever perform those daring feats unless trained very young.
Once having made a promise, you should keep it.
If necessary I’ll have the letter duplicated.
Fill in the blanks with articles where(ver) necessary.
If possible, I should like to have two copies of it.
As scheduled, they met on January 20 at the Chine...
在英语学习中，语法的学习是非常重要的。英语的句型复杂多变，如果语法知识掌握不够全面很容易出错。下面是出国留学网(www.liuxue86.com)英语四六级频道为大家搜集整理的四级语法大全—动词，希望对大家有所帮助!
动词(时态，语态，用法，省略，一致性等)
时态
1.现在完成进行时态 (have/has been + -ing 分词构成): 动作或状态从过去某时开始,继续到现在,可能继续下去,也可能刚刚结束.
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.
I’ve been sitting in the garden.
2.过去完成进行时(由had been + ing分词构成): 过去某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作
I’d been working for some time when he called.
We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came.
3.将来完成进行时: 将来某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作.
By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years.
In another month’s time she’ll have been studying here for three years.
4.将来完成时(由shall/will have + 过去分词构成): 将来某时已发生的事.
I shall have finished this one before lunch.
They’ll have hit the year’s target by the end of October.
语态
可以有两种被动结构的类型,例如:
He was said to be jealous of her success.
It was said that he was jealous of her success.
能同时适用于上述两个句型的主动词通常都是表示“估计”,“相信”等意义的动词,常见的有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等.
It is supposed that the ship has been sunk.
The ship is supposed to have been sunk.
担当be supposed to 与不定式的一般形式搭配时往往表示不同的意义.例如:
Why are you driving so fast in this area? You are supposed to know the speed ...
在英语学习中，语法的学习是非常重要的。英语的句型复杂多变，如果语法知识掌握不够全面很容易出错。下面是出国留学网(www.liuxue86.com)英语四六级频道为大家搜集整理的四级语法大全—倒装结构，希望对大家有所帮助!
一、什么是英语倒装句
在现实的语言实践中，由于语法结构的要求，或是由于修辞的需要，往往要改变句子的自然语序，把一些本应置于主语之后的句子成分提到主语之前。我们称这种语序的变化为“倒装语序”这样的倒装语序可能使句子的内在含义产生细微的、甚至明显的改变。只有注意观察引起倒装的原因，才能更准确地理解句子的含义。为了使句子的某成分突出，我们还会使用强调，而倒装语序大多都用于强调。
英语句子的倒装一是由于语法结构的需要而进行的倒装，二是由于修辞的需要而进行的倒装。前一种情况,倒装是必须的，否则就会出现语法错误;后一种情况，倒装是选择性的，倒装与否只会产生表达效果上的差异。而倒装语序中又有完全倒装和部分倒装，完全倒装相对简单一点。
二、完全倒装
完全倒桩是指将句子中的谓语全部置于主语之前，通常只用于一般现在时和一般过去时。句型模式是：谓语+主语+……
1.There be/appear/ come,/remain+主语(+地点或时间状语)
例如：There appeared to be a woman in red.那里有个穿红衣服的女人。
2.副词+谓语动词+名词主语+……
出于修辞需要，表示方向的副词：out, down, in, up, away, on。
例如： Down jumped the burglar from the tenth floor when he heard someone shouted at him.
出于习惯用法：here, there, now, thus, hence, then。例如：Here comes the taxi.
3.过去分词或现在分词+be的各种形式+主语+……
例如：Scattered on the floor were several books and magazines.
三、部分倒装
部分倒装指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态动词倒装至主语之前,而谓语动词无变化。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do,does或did，并将其置于主语之前。
1.下列否定词及含有否定意义的词组修饰状语时，若置句首，句子的主谓要部分倒装 ：never, no, neither, not only, hardly, scarcely, little, seldom, rarely, not until, nowhere, at no time, on no account, in no respect, in no sense, by no means, in no way, no longer, no less, no more, no sooner than, under no circumstances, in vain, still less。
例如： Not only is its direct attack on their dis...
在英语学习中，语法的学习是非常重要的。英语的句型复杂多变，如果语法知识掌握不够全面很容易出错。下面是出国留学网(www.liuxue86.com)英语四六级频道为大家搜集整理的四级语法大全—虚拟语气，希望对大家有所帮助!
在英语中，语气(mood)和时态，语态一样，都是谓语动词的一种形式。表明说话的目的和意图，虚拟语气即表示说话人主观愿望或纯假设情况，动词需用特殊形式。例如If I were a boy.其中谓语动词用were，而不是am, shall, was, have等，是因为说话人为女士，而“我是男人”仅是其假设的语气，故用了一个在现实情况中绝不可能用到的were来表达这一虚拟的情况。通过在I的后面加were这一词，能得知这是虚拟假设出来的情况。
常见的虚拟有两种：
1. 表示非真实假设情况：
If I had left sooner, I could have caught the train.
如果早点出发，我就能赶上火车了。(但我事实上已经错过了，对过去的假设虚拟)
He talks so loud as if I were deaf.
他说话声太响，就像我聋了一样。 (但事实我没聋，对现在的假设虚拟)
这种情况虚拟时，只需将谓语动词变本身的时态再变过去。第一句话中的虚拟，本身为过去时，因此再变过去，即过去完成时。left变为had left, could catch变为could have caught。第二句话中，as if I am deaf，需要对现在假设，因此变为as if I were a deaf.(不用I was deaf，避免与真实情况过去式混淆)类似表示非真实情况的词还有wish希望, suppose假设, would rather宁愿, but for要不是等。
2. 表示建议、命令、要求等主观意愿：
He suggested that a petition (should) be drawn up.
这种虚拟时，不管句子时态如何，表示建议、命令、要求部分的谓语都统一用should do，should可以省略。类似表示建议、命令、要求的常见句型还有sb. suggest /advise /ask /demand /propose /...+ that 从句，或It is important/necessary/essential/ crucial/suggested/advised... +that从句，从句部分表虚拟，其中谓语用(should) do。
二、四级考试中的虚拟语气
例一：2011.12月四级听力短对话第12题
12.A) He was looking forward to seeing the giraffes.
B) He enjoyed watching the animal performance.
C) He got home too late to see the TV special.
D) He fell asleep in the middle of the TV program.
W: I really enjoy...
英语中事情发生的时间可分为现在、过去、将来和过去将来四种形式，发生的方式可分为一般、过去、进行和完成进行四种形式。将时间形式和动作方式结合起来，就构成了以下：一般、完成、进行、完成进行几种时态。下面为大家仔细总结了英语中常用的几种时态，希望对大家的考试有所帮助。
现在：
现在一般时do、现在完成时have done、现在进行时is doing、现在完成进行时have been doing
过去：
过去一般时did、过去完成时had done、过去进行时was doing、过去完成进行时had been doing
将来：
将来一般时will do、将来完成时will have done、将来进行时will be doing、将来完成进行时will have been doing、
过去将来：
过去将来一般时would do、过去将来完成时would have done、过去将来进行时would be doing、过去将来完成进行时would have been doing
英语的时态是靠动词的变化和时间状语来表达的。英语中的时态共有十六种，但是常考的或较常用的只有9种。
要掌握英语的时态和语态，必须掌握好英语中的助动词(do, be, have)和时间状语这两个核心问题。
1、一般现在时
主要用来表示人、事物的现在状况和特点;表示经常或习惯性的动作，句子中常有often, always, from time to time 等时间状语;表示客观规律和永恒真理等。
基本形式(以do为例)：第三人称单数：does(主语为非第三人称单数);
肯定句：主语+动词原形+其他;
He works for us.
否定句：主语+don?t/doesn't+动词原形+其他;
He doesn't work for us.
一般疑问句：Do/Does+主语+动词原形+其他。
特殊疑问句：疑问词+一般疑问句语
Does he work for us?
Yes, he does
He usually goes to work at 7 o?clock every morning. 他每天7点上班。
2、现在进行时
表说话时或目前一段时间内正在进行的活动：或表感情色彩，加强语气。与频率副词，如always，constantly，continually，again等连用表示说话人的某种感情色彩(赞叹、厌烦、埋怨等)。
主语+be+v.ing〔现在分词〕形式(其中v表示动词) 表示现在正在进行的动作或最近在做的事
We are having English class. 我们正在上英语课。
3、现在完成时
在英语学习中，语法的学习是非常重要的。英语的句型复杂多变，如果语法知识掌握不够全面很容易出错。下面是出国留学网(www.liuxue86.com)英语四六级频道为大家搜集整理的四级语法大全—不定式，希望对大家有所帮助!
被动式：当不定式的逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动形式。
It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here.
She hated to be flattered.
He wanted the letter to be typed at once.
This is bound to be found out.
There are a lot of things to be done.
She was too young to be assigned such work.
功用：不定式可以作主语 (a), 宾语 (b), 表语 (c), 定语 (d) 或是状语 (e).
a. To scold her would not be just.
b. We are planning to build a reservoir here.
c. One of our main tasks now is to mechanize agriculture.
d. Do you have anything to declare?
e. We have come to learn from you.
不带to 的不定式：
在“动词+ 宾语+不定式”结构中，如果动词是表示感觉意义的see，hear， watch，smell，feel，notice等，或是表示“致使”意义的 have，make，let等，其后的不定式结构不带to。
John made her tell him everything.
这类结构转换为被动语态时，后面的不带to 的不定式一般还原为带to的不定式。
She was made to tell him everything.
在 had better, had best, would rather, would sooner, would just as soon, might (just) as well, cannot but 等搭配之后，动词不定式也不带to。
I'd rather not have eggs and bacon for breakfast.
They cannot but accept his term.
在make do, make believe, let drop, let fall, let fly, let slip, let drive, let go of, let there be, hear say, hear tell, leave go of等固定搭配中，用不带to的动...
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