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5. 指代题
练习题：
(1) When small fish venture too close to the tentacles of these "living flowers", they are stung and eaten.
(2) The male seals do not journey so far. They swim only to the islands and there the cycle begins again.
(3) The mountain's summit is broad and rounded. It is 14,410 feet above sea level and has an area of about one square mile.
(4) Although wagon trains had been used to haul freight and passengers between the Eastern seaboard and the Ohio Valley since 1812, they were first used extensively in the 1820's on the Santa Fe Trail.
(5) The clownfish even builds its nest where the anemone can protect it.
(6) X-rays allow art historians to examine paintings internally without damaging them.
(7) Florists often refrigerate cut flowers to protect their fresh appearance.
(8) Some of their baskets were completely covered with shell pendants; others with feathers that made the baskets' surfaces as soft as the breasts of birds.
(9) Some skilled craftspeople made intricately carved wooden ornamentations for furniture or architectural decorations, while others carved wooden shop signs and ships' figureheads.
(10) Many adults, poor and disillusioned with farm life, were lured to the cities by promises of steady employment, regular paycheck...
关于托福考试的阅读提分办法，小编认为除了记忆词汇和积累背景知识外，多做题目也是必不可少的!下面是出国留学网(www.liuxue86.com)托福频道小编为大家带来的托福阅读模拟试题—文艺复兴，希望对大家有所帮助!
The medieval artists didn’t know about perspective; they didn’t want to make their people look like real, individual people in a real, individual scene. They wanted to show the truth, the eternal quality of their religious stories. So these artists didn’t need to know about perspective.
In the European Renaissance period, artists wanted to show the importance of the individual person and his or her possessions and surroundings. A flat medieval style couldn’t show this level of reality and the artists needed a new technique. It was the Italian artist Brunelleschi who discovered the technique of perspective drawing. At first the artists of the Renaissance only had single-point perspective. Later they realized that they could have two-pointed perspective and still later multi-point perspective.
With two-point perspective they could turn an object (like a building) at an angle to the picture and draw two sides of it. The technique of perspective which seems so natural to us now is an invented technique, a part of the “grammar of painting”. Like all bits of grammar there are exceptions about perspective. For example, only vertical and horizontal surfaces seem to meet on eye level. Sloping roof tops don’t meet on eye level.
For 500 years, artists in Europe made use of perspective drawing in their pictu...
关于托福考试的阅读提分办法，小编认为除了记忆词汇和积累背景知识外，多做题目也是必不可少的!下面是出国留学网(www.liuxue86.com)托福频道小编为大家带来的托福阅读模拟试题—宇宙元素，希望对大家有所帮助!
The elements other than hydrogen and helium exist In such small quantities that it is accurate to say that the universe somewhat more than 25 percent helium by weight and somewhat less than 25 percent hydrogen.
Astronomers have measured the abundance of helium throughout our galaxy and in other galaxies as well. Helium has been found In old stars, in relatively young ones, in interstellar gas, and in the distant objects known as quasars. Helium nuclei have also been found to be constituents of cosmic rays that fall on the earth (cosmic "rays" are not really a form of radiation; they consist of rapidly moving particles of numerous different kinds). It doesn't seem to make very much difference where the helium is found. Its relative abundance never seems to vary much. In some places, there may be slightly more of it; In others, slightly less, but the ratio of helium to hydrogen nuclei always remains about the same.
Helium is created in stars. In fact, nuclear reactions that convert hydrogen to helium are responsible for most of the energy that stars produce. However, the amount of helium that could have been produced in this manner can be calculated, and it turns out to be no more than a few percent. The universe has not existed long enough for this figure to he significantly greater. Consequently, if the universe is somewhat more than 2...
关于托福考试的阅读提分办法，小编认为除了记忆词汇和积累背景知识外，多做题目也是必不可少的!下面是出国留学网(www.liuxue86.com)托福频道小编为大家带来的托福阅读模拟试题—19世纪农业革命，希望对大家有所帮助!
The agricultural revolution in the nineteenth century involved two things: the invention of labor-saving machinery and the development of scientific agriculture. Labor-saving machinery naturally appeared first where labor was scarce. "In Europe, said Thomas Jefferson, "the object is to make the most of their land, labor being abundant: here it is to make the most of our labor, land being abundant. It was in the United States, therefore, that the great advances in nineteenth-century agricultural machinery first came.
At the opening of the century, with the exception of a crude plow, farmers could have carried practically all of the existing agricultural implements on their backs; by 1860, most of the machinery in use today had been designed in an early form. The most important of the early inventions was the iron plow. As early as 1790 Charles Newbold of New Jersey had been working on the idea of a cast-iron plow and spent his entire fortune in introducing his invention. The farmers, however, were not interested in it, claiming that the iron poisoned the soil and made the weeds grow. Nevertheless, many people devoted their attention to the plow, until in 1869 James Oliver of South Bend, Indiana, turned out the first chilled-steel plow.
1.What is the main topic of the passage?
(A) The need for agricultural advances to help ...
关于托福考试的阅读提分办法，小编认为除了记忆词汇和积累背景知识外，多做题目也是必不可少的!下面是出国留学网(www.liuxue86.com)托福频道小编为大家带来的托福阅读模拟试题—生态系统的长期稳定，希望对大家有所帮助!
11.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incurred choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
○Ecologists now think that the stability of an environment is a result of diversity rather than patchiness.
○Patchy environments that vary from place to place do not often have high species diversity.
○Uniform environments cannot be climax communities because they do not support as many types of organisms as patchy environments.
○A patchy environment is thought to increase stability because it is able to support a wide variety of organisms.
12.The word “adjacent” in the passage is closest in meaning to
○Foreign
○Stable
○Fluid
○Neighboring
Paragraph 6: Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human activities. The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St. Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans. We need to know what aspects of a community are most important to the community’s resistance to destruction, as well ...
关于托福考试的阅读提分办法，小编认为除了记忆词汇和积累背景知识外，多做题目也是必不可少的!下面是出国留学网(www.liuxue86.com)托福频道小编为大家带来的托福阅读模拟试题—统计学，希望对大家有所帮助!
There were two widely divergent influences on the early development of statistical methods. Statistics had a mother who was dedicated to keeping orderly records of governmental units (state and statistics come from the same Latin root, status) and a gentlemanly gambling father who relied on mathematics to increase his skill at playing the odds in games of chance. The influence of the mother on the offspring, statistics, is represented by counting, measuring, describing, tabulating, ordering. and the taking of censuses —— all of which led to modern descriptive statistics. From the influence of the father came modern inferential statistics, which is based squarely on theories of probability.
Descriptive statistics involves tabulating, depicting, and describing collections of data. These data may be quantitative, such as measures of height, intelligence, or grade level - variables that are characterized by an underlying continuum - orthe data may represent qualitative variables, such as sex, college major, or personality type. Large masses of data must generally undergo a process of summarization or reduction before they are comprehensible. Descriptive statistics is a tool for describing or summarizing or reducing to comprehensible form the properties of an otherwise unwieldy mass or data. Inferential statistics is a formalized body of methods for s...
关于托福考试的阅读提分办法，小编认为除了记忆词汇和积累背景知识外，多做题目也是必不可少的!下面是出国留学网(www.liuxue86.com)托福频道小编为大家带来的托福阅读模拟试题—冰川国家公园，希望对大家有所帮助!
Glacier National park in Montana shares boundaries with Canada, an American Indian reservation, and a national forest. Along the North Fork of the Flathead River, the park also borders about 17,000 acres of private lands that are currently used for ranching, timber, and agriculture. This land is an important part of the habitat and migratory routes for several endangered species that frequent the park. These private lands are essentially the only ones available for development in the region.
With encouragement from the park, local landowners initiated a land-use planning effort to guide the future of the North Fork. The park is a partner in an interlocal agreement that calls for resource-managing agencies to work together and with the more than 400 private owners in the area. A draft plan has been prepared, with the objective of maintaining traditional economic uses but limiting new development that would damage park resources. Voluntary action by landowners, in cooperation with the park and the county, is helping to restrict small-lot subdivisions, maintain wildlife corridors, and minimize any harmful impact on the environment.
The willingness of local landowners to participate in this protection effort may have been stimulated by concerns that Congress would impose a legislative solution.
Nevertheless, many local resident...
关于托福考试的阅读提分办法，小编认为除了记忆词汇和积累背景知识外，多做题目也是必不可少的!下面是出国留学网(www.liuxue86.com)托福频道小编为大家带来的托福阅读模拟试题—海水盐度分析，希望对大家有所帮助!
Question 41-50
If the salinity of ocean waters is analyzed, it is found to vary only slightly from place to place. Nevertheless, some of these small changes are important. There are three basic processes that cause a change in oceanic salinity. One of these is the subtraction of water from the ocean by means of evaporation —— conversion of liquid water to water vapor. In this manner, the salinity is increased, since the salts stay behind. If this is carried to the extreme, of course, white crystals of salt would be left behind.
The opposite of evaporation is precipitation, such as rain, by which water is added to the ocean. Here the ocean is being diluted so that the salinity is decreased. This may occur in areas of high rainfall or in coastal regions where rivers flow into the ocean. Thus salinity may be increased by the subtraction of water by evaporation, or decreased by the addition of fresh water by precipitation or runoff.
Normally, in tropical regions where the sun is very strong, the ocean salinity is somewhat higher than it is in other parts of the world where there is not as much evaporation. Similarly, in coastal regions where rivers dilute the sea, salinity is somewhat lower than in other oceanic areas.
A third process by which salinity may be altered is associated with the formation and melting of sea...
07-14
在托福阅读备考中，阅读是为了学术需要的，因此托福阅读文章的选材主要建立在学院学术的基础之上，题目的类型以信息考察为主;像是不同观点的对比，对于矛盾和冲突的解读类型的题目，不是托福强调的重点。
在托福阅读文章题材的选择上，ETS有严格的标准，包括长度(length)，可信度(authenticity)，难度(difficulty)，受众接受程度(accessibility)。其中的文章篇幅，很明显长度和难度并没有直接关系，出题者并不是要用很长的篇幅去折磨应试者。实际上，他们会对长文章进行缩写和截取，而应试者只需要对于文章传递的信息进行把控。
在这一点上，为了做到公平起见，ETS需要慎重地进行选材和出题，以便使文章中的背景信息不构成做题和理解的障碍，必要时辅助一些图片、表格、照片、超链接等以更好地传递信息。托福文章提供的信息，并不仅仅是事实的陈述(不存在专业背景对于阅读理解的帮助或者干扰)，更多地是基于文章基础上提出的观点。
通常而言，阅读试题分为简答题和选择题两种。简答题考察的更全面，更体现学生的水平，但是计分更复杂且标准不容易统一。选择题适合大规模的应试人群，能考察更多的能力，且比较容易控制难度，更有可信度。在目前的托福的阅读题目里，难度与文章的内容有关系，难度大的题目通常来自更难理解的文章内容里，反之亦然。
托福阅读的题目一般都比对应的托福阅读文章难度要低。在选点出题的角度，他们会小心翼翼地避免就同一个知识点考两次(double jeopardy)。也就是说，对于同一个信息点，不会出超过两道的题目。
细心的读者可能会发现，近些年it can be inferred form the passage that /which of the following is true?这样的题目越来越少。在ETS内部，这样的题目会被批判为“unfocused”，而受到审查者的质疑。也就是说，题目的设计是要明确目的和需求，不给应试者带来难以界定的困惑。
错误选项的设置和我们传统的观点稍有不一致。一，干扰选项的设置基本原则，在于该错误与文章无关，来自对于文章的错误解读。ETS不太会故意设置很难的陷阱，错误选项通常都会显得“直白”。二，在一道题里不会有两个选项采用一样的错误方式，不会用逻辑或者已知尝试排除。三，所有的候选项在逻辑和语言上都与题目符合。
比如，If you ask why questions? All options should be reasons。总之，托福阅读考察的是词汇、句子结构、理解语意的能力、看似不相关联却很重要的信息、推理能力，值得注意的是，学会划分句子结构抓住句子的主干非常有利于把握重要信息。
...03-02
托福考试阅读试题解题误区有哪些?IBT考试对于习惯于纸质考试的学生来说需要适应，有些考生读文章时喜欢在试题上划线，似乎不做记号，阅读就无法进行，思维就停止活动。小编整理新托福(TOEFL)阅读做题误区，看看对你是否有效?
考生做旧托福考试(TOEFL)阅读或者平时的阅读练习时，时常表现出一些不良的做题习惯。有些考生读文章时喜欢在试题上划线，似乎不做记号，阅读就无法进行，思维就停止活动。不过在新托福网络考试中，考生面对电脑就做不了任何标志记号。
有些考生文章根本不读完，直接做题。这种方法相当于瞎子摸象，对文章只有局部的感觉，整个文章的概念无法获得。要提醒考生的是，近年考试中针对整个文章提问的题量有所增加。所以，这种不看文章直接做题的方法是极其危险的。
有些考生则喜欢把文章一字不漏地细读之后再做题。这种方法仅适合于两种情况，其一，考生已具备相当的阅读水平，长期以来运用这种方法效果甚佳;其二，某一篇具体的文章是考生所熟悉的内容，细读文章并不会花太多的时间。一般来说，大部分考生采用细读文章方法，做题时间严重不足。考生不应该忘记，阅读理解测试速度和理解两个方面。
在做词汇题时，许多考生认为做不对题与自己的词汇量有关，认识单词能做对，不认识单词就会做错。事实上，那些认识的单词经常做错，不认识的单词反而能做对。原因是，做不认识单词时，考生会仔细研读词汇题的上下文，力求在上下文中突破。而做认识单词时，忽略上下文的重要性，往往是装模作样的看一下上下文，便匆匆做出抉择。所以，做好词汇题关键在于透彻分析上下文--词汇题的句子以及上下一句话，有时候，个别词汇题也许需要在文章其他段落寻找线索。
以上就是小编为大家整理的新托福(TOEFL)阅读做题误区，非常实用。
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