领域四：健康及福祉及杰出研究成果介绍
Our global reputation is built on excellent research that begins with understanding the fundamental underpinnings of health and disease. We draw on a wide range of academic skills and disciplines, working together to discover, refine and apply new interventions to improve health and wellbeing.
我们的全球声誉建立在优秀研究的基础上，从了解健康和疾病的根本基础开始。我们利用广泛的学术技能和学科，共同发现、改进和应用新的干预措施，以改善健康和福祉。
Our researchers join forces with police to help people in mental distress.We're working with North Yorkshire Police on a training package for officers dealing with people with mental health issues.UK Police forces are spending increasing amounts of time on incidents involving people with mental health problemsAround 20 per cent of police time in the UK is spent dealing with mental health issues, over half of deaths following police contact involve people with a mental health issue and people with mental health problems are up to ten times more likely to become victims of crime than the general populationThe problem is that officers are not mental health experts.The Connect Project, a partnership involving a multi-disciplinary team of our researchers and North Yorkshire Police, aims to tackle this issue by helping officers develop new approaches when they are dealing with people in mental distress.Launched in 2015, the project has explored the existing systems for dealing with such cases, the legislation underpinning this area of policing, and how the police work with agencies such as the NHS, social workers and charities.Co-production.It was a co-production right from the very beginning, explains Connect Project leader Professor Martin Smith from our Department of Politics. Our colleagues at North Yorkshire Police were very up-front about the problems they faced and we worked closely with them to design the project, to examine the evidence, and then to devise an appropriate intervention.One of the key outcomes from the project is a training package already delivered to over 200 frontline officers in the North Yorkshire force.Led by Dr Nicola Moran and Professor Martin Webber from the International Centre for Mental Health Social Work, based in the Department of Social Policy and Social Work, the training aims to help officers identify mental vulnerability, record information in a way that helps police respond to future incidents and set out the procedures for referring people to crisis services.Early feedback is positive and further analysis of the impact of the course is now underway.Dr Moran, like Professor Smith, is quick to stress the strong co-production relationship built up with North Yorkshire Police.It has been a great pleasure to work closely with the police on the project. They have shown great commitment to helping us develop high-quality training and research, and to improve the way the force responds to individuals in mental distress and works with other partners.According to Professor Smith, the benefits of the Connect Project have also been felt well beyond the successful delivery of the training course.Mental health is obviously a multi-agency issue, and our work has involved bringing the police and the NHS together to try to resolve some of these issues.As a result, the whole inter-agency landscape and culture has shifted. The problems involved in inter-agency working have been recognised and the need for agencies to share resources, which is extremely difficult, has been recognised too.It’s significant, for example, that the training package devised by Dr Moran was delivered free of charge by mental health professionals from Tees, Esk and Wear Valleys NHS Foundation Trust.Once the impact of this first training course has been fully analysed and the results published, the aim is for North Yorkshire Police to roll out the programme to the rest of its officers. After that, Professor Smith plans to work with the College of Policing to explore how similar training could be adopted across the country.Superintendent Richard Anderson of North Yorkshire Police’s Partnership Hub, said:The challenges presented by mental health issues upon society - and hence policing - are enormous. By working in partnership, we have enhanced our understanding of our respective strengths, which has laid the foundations for further research collaborations.The police have an enormous amount of data, and academia provides us with an additional means to interpret this to innovate to develop new solutions. This has highlighted opportunities to improve our systems for mutual benefit.Inspector Bill Scott, North Yorkshire Police’s lead for mental health, added:It’s important to remember that this work has been tailored towards providing our staff with the skills and knowledge to improve the service we provide to our most vulnerable communities. We are keen to roll out this training to the remainder of our staff to augment the significant investment we have already made in improving our response to people with mental vulnerabilities.
我们的研究人员与警察联手帮助人们精神上的痛苦
健康和幸福，我们和北约克郡的警察一起为处理心理健康问题的警官提供培训，英国警方在涉及精神健康问题的案件上花费了越来越多的时间。大约20%的警察在英国的时间花处理心理健康问题上,超过一半的死亡后警方联系涉及人与心理健康问题,心理健康问题的人十倍比一般人可能成为犯罪活动的受害者。问题是，警官不是心理健康专家。Connect项目是一个由我们的研究人员和北约克郡警察组成的多学科小组的合作项目，旨在通过帮助警官在处理精神问题时开发新的方法来解决这个问题。该项目于2015年启动，探索了现有的处理此类案件的系统，支持这一领域的法律，以及警察如何与国家医疗服务体系、社会工作者和慈善机构等机构合作。合作生产，从一开始就有合作生产的权利，来自我们政治部门的Connect项目负责人马丁史密斯解释说。我们在北约克郡警察的同事们对他们所面临的问题非常坦率，我们与他们密切合作，设计这个项目，检查证据，然后设计适当的干预措施。该项目的一个关键成果是，在北约克郡的部队中，已经交付了超过200名前线军官的训练包。由尼古拉·莫兰博士和教授马丁·韦伯国际精神健康社会工作中心,总部设在美国社会政策和社会工作,培训旨在帮助警察找到心理脆弱,记录信息的方式帮助警察应对未来事件,指人们危机服务的过程。反馈，早期的反馈是积极的，对课程影响的进一步分析现在正在进行中。莫兰博士和史密斯教授一样，很快就强调了与北约克郡警察建立起来的强大的合作关系。与警方密切合作，我感到非常荣幸。他们已经做出了巨大的承诺，帮助我们发展高质量的培训和研究，并改善这种力量对精神痛苦的人的反应，以及与其他伙伴合作的方式。根据史密斯教授的说法，连接项目的好处也远远超出了培训课程的成功交付。心理健康显然是一个多部门的问题，我们的工作涉及到将警察和国家医疗服务系统结合起来，试图解决其中的一些问题。因此，整个机构间的景观和文化发生了变化。在机构间工作中涉及的问题已经得到承认，而且机构也需要共享资源，这是非常困难的，这一点也得到了承认。例如，由莫兰博士设计的培训包是由来自t恤、Esk和磨损谷NHS信托基金会的精神卫生专业人员免费提供的。，国家推出一旦对第一次训练课程的影响进行了全面分析，并公布了结果，其目的是让北约克郡警察将该计划推广到其他官员。在那之后，史密斯教授计划与警务学院合作，探索在全国范围内如何实施类似的培训。北约克郡警察合伙中心的负责人理查德安德森说:心理健康问题对社会和警察的挑战是巨大的。通过合作，我们增进了我们对各自优势的理解，这为进一步的研究合作奠定了基础。警方拥有大量的数据，而学术界为我们提供了另一种手段来解释这一创新，以开发新的解决方案。这突出了改善我们的系统互惠互利的机会。北约克郡警方的精神健康主管斯科特斯科特补充道:重要的是要记住，这项工作是为向我们的员工提供技能和知识，以改进我们为最脆弱的社区提供的服务。我们迫切希望将这一培训推广到其他员工，以增强我们在改善应对精神脆弱人群方面所作出的重大投资。
领域五：正义与公平及杰出研究成果介绍
Fairness, inclusivity, equality, and welfare, are policy fields where our research sets the political agenda.These themes also define our values and approach to meeting the grand social challenges of our time at national and international level
公平、包容、平等和福利是我们研究制定政治议程的政策领域。这些主题也确定了我们在国际和国际层面应对我们这个时代的重大社会挑战的价值观和方法。
Heat or eat? The stark choice facing some low income families in rural areas.Big decisions about small amounts of money: our social policy experts uncover the grim reality of rural poverty in England.We got to the point where the cupboards were totally and utterly empty… It was embarrassing as hell. I had to take him up to school and ask the headmistress, the teacher, if they could provide my son with a packed lunch because I didn't even have anything in the cupboard to do that.‘Peter’s’ story is highlighted in a pilot study by researchers at York who laid bare the harsh reality of life on a low income in rural England.And their work shows that Peter's experience is not an isolated one..It’s a big concern that there are people in the UK today who don’t have enough food in the house or can’t heat their homes, says Dr Carolyn Snell from our Department of Social Policy and Social Work who co-authored the study. We found that low income households have to prioritise and ration their spending in complex ways.Food banks,Working with researchers from the Sheffield Political Economy Research Institute, the team interviewed householders attending food banks in the South West of England. They wanted to understand how people on low incomes in rural communities manage to balance limited budgets and what influences the difficult spending decisions householders are forced to make.The project uncovered evidence of people caught up in a perfect storm of austerity, benefit cuts, low paid jobs and cuts to local authority services.For many, it's a stark choice between food and fuel. Most prioritise food over energy and within their limited choice of tough budgeting options, difficult decisions are made about the amount of energy used for basics such as lighting, cooking and hot water.Heating is often regarded as an unaffordable luxury with the resulting cold, damp rooms causing health problems.Money left for meals is often spent on the cheapest foods, or supplemented by supplies from food banks.Budget dilemmas,Dr Snell explains: These are just some examples of the types of choices made on a daily basis by families on low incomes. We’re one of the world’s richest nations and it’s important to question why some householders have to deal with these dilemmas.One interviewee told the researchers: It means deciding whether to have the lights on and some heating on - or eating. That’s literally it. That is my life struggle, basically.Another said: I have sat there with loads of jumpers on and you can see your breath… but I would rather have food than heat. As long as you have got food inside you then you are heating yourself because you have got fuel.The study found that food and fuel are the ‘elastic’ elements of household expenditure which often lose out to fixed costs such as rent and council tax.People might only heat one room – or if they have shared childcare arrangements, they might only heat their home on the days their children are in the house, says Dr Snell. There’s a question about, as a country, if we think that’s where we want to be.Health,But there also broader public health issues. If people are not heating their homes that can cause issues around child development or health conditions such as asthma. It can cause health problems for elderly people. Adolescents suffer higher rates of depression in cold homes.The research shows that poverty is often worse in rural areas where insecure seasonal employment, limited public transport, higher food costs and a lack of affordable housing all add to the problems.If you live in a rural area you do seem to be more vulnerable. Energy and transport can be more expensive and affordable food might be more difficult to get, says Dr Snell. Cuts in local authority support services and transport subsidies are having a particular impact on rural communities.Friends and familym,The report also stresses the importance of a ‘buffer’ - a support network of family or friends who can help out in difficult times.Sometimes people need family and friends so they can borrow money for food, electricity or petrol. But often the support is a meal, access to the internet, or a hot bath.I’ll just leave the house for a couple of days and go stay at a friend’s house until I can afford to get electric, one food bank user told the researchers.Having a buffer can be what makes you more or less vulnerable, particularly in rural areas where people might be more isolated from friends and families, says Dr Snell.As part of the project, the research team also spoke to local authority officials and support organisations such as Citizens Advice. They also examined national statistics on living and food costs.Rural poverty,You don’t expect to see the level of poverty we discovered in the UK, says Dr Snell. It’s a particular problem in rural areas compounded by the fact that rural communities are often missing from national debates about poverty.Policymakers need to address the unique challenges facing the rural poor. The social and health costs of not addressing the root causes of food and fuel poverty could be substantial and raise questions about the type of society we want to live in.
农村地区低收入家庭面临的严峻选择
正义与平等，关于小额资金的重大决策:我们的社会政策专家揭露了英国农村贫困的严峻现实。我们到了一个地方，橱柜完全是空的……简直是令人尴尬的地狱。我不得不带他去学校，问校长，老师，如果他们能给我儿子提供一顿打包的午餐，因为我在橱柜里什么都没有。彼得的故事在约克郡的研究人员的一项初步研究中突出显示，在英格兰农村低收入家庭的生活中，他们的生活是残酷的。他们的研究表明，彼得的经历并不是孤立的。我们的社会政策和社会工作部门的Carolyn Snell博士说:这是一个很大的问题，在英国，有很多人在家里没有足够的食物，或者不能加热他们的家。他是我们的社会政策和社会工作的合著者。我们发现，低收入家庭必须以复杂的方式优先分配他们的支出。，食物银行该小组与谢菲尔德政治经济研究所的研究人员合作，采访了英格兰西南部的食品银行的住户。他们想要了解农村低收入群体如何平衡有限的预算，以及如何影响户主被迫做出的艰难的支出决定。该项目发现了一些证据，证明人们陷入了一场完美的紧缩、福利削减、低薪工作以及削减地方政府服务的风暴中。对很多人来说，这是食物和燃料之间的一个鲜明的选择。最优先考虑的是食物而不是能源，在有限的预算选择中，很难做出决定，比如照明、烹饪和热水等基本能源。供暖常常被认为是一种负担不起的奢侈，导致了寒冷、潮湿的房间造成了健康问题。剩下的钱通常花在最便宜的食物上，或者从食品银行的供应中补充。预算困境，Snell博士解释说:这些只是一些低收入家庭每天做出的选择的例子。我们是世界上最富有的国家之一，重要的是要质疑为什么有些住户必须要处理这些困境。一位受访者对研究人员说:这意味着要决定是否打开灯，或者加热或吃东西。这是字面上的。这就是我的人生挣扎。另一个人说:我坐在那里，身上有很多跳投，你可以看到你的呼吸……但我宁愿吃食物也不愿热。只要你在里面有食物，你就会给自己加热，因为你有燃料。研究发现，食物和燃料是家庭支出的弹性因素，经常会导致诸如房租和市政税等固定成本的损失。Snell博士说:人们可能只会给一个房间加热，或者如果他们有共同的育儿安排，他们可能只会在他们的孩子在家里的时候给他们的家供暖。作为一个国家，我们有一个问题，如果我们认为这就是我们想要达到的目标。健康，但也有更广泛的公共卫生问题。如果人们不加热他们的房子，就会导致儿童发育或哮喘等健康状况的问题。它会给老年人带来健康问题。在寒冷的家庭中，青少年患抑郁症的几率更高。研究表明，农村地区的贫困状况往往更糟，因为缺乏稳定的季节性就业、有限的公共交通、更高的食品价格以及缺乏经济适用房，这些都加剧了这些问题。如果你住在农村地区，你似乎更容易受到伤害。能源和运输可能更昂贵，而价格更便宜的食品可能更难获得，Snell博士说。地方政府支持服务和交通补贴的削减对农村社区产生了特别的影响。，朋友和家人该报告还强调了缓冲的重要性，缓冲是一个家庭或朋友的支持网络，可以在困难时期帮助他们。有时人们需要家人和朋友，这样他们就可以借钱买食物、电或汽油。但通常情况下，人们的支持是一顿饭、上网或洗个热水澡。一位食品银行的用户对研究人员说：我要离开这所房子几天，然后去朋友家，直到我付得起电费。Snell博士说：有一个缓冲区可能会让你变得更脆弱，尤其是在农村地区，人们可能会从朋友和家人那里更孤立。作为该项目的一部分，研究小组还与当地政府官员和支持组织等机构进行了交流。他们还研究了国家统计的生活和食物成本。农村的贫困，Snell博士说：你不希望看到我们在英国发现的贫困水平。这是农村地区的一个特殊问题，因为农村社区经常在关于贫困的全国性辩论中失踪。政策制定者需要解决农村贫困人口面临的独特挑战。不解决粮食和燃料贫困的根本原因的社会和卫生成本可能是相当可观的，并引发人们对我们想要生活的社会类型的疑问。
领域六：风险、证据、决策和杰出的研究成果介绍
Risk for the real world: in an increasingly complex world, our research is penetrating deep into how decisions on risk are made and how they are shaped by technological, social and cultural factors.By drawing on our understanding of these factors, we can provide government and industry with better risk models and help influence policies resulting in better-informed decision making.
现实世界的风险：在日益复杂的世界中，我们的研究进一步的深入，如何制定风险决策以及技术、社会和文化因素如何塑造。借鉴我们对这些因素的理解，我们可以为政府和行业提供更好的风险模型，并帮助影响政策，从而做出更明智的决策。
Reaching out to communities at risk of inherited blood disorders.Research by our health science experts has improved the care of people with sickle cell disease and thalassaemia, two of the most common inherited blood disorders.In the UK, those most at risk of sickle cell disorders are of African-Caribbean or African origin while thalassaemia is more commonly found among Cypriots, South Asian and Chinese populations.A team led by medical sociologist Professor Karl Atkin worked with health services to improve screening and raise awareness of the disorders in communities at risk. They also asked children about their experience of living with sickle cell, helping to improve our understanding of the best way to manage the condition in schools.The disorders affect red blood cells. People with thalassemia make less haemoglobin and have fewer circulating red blood cells than normal, causing mild or severe anaemia. In sickle cell disorders red blood cells become rigid and shaped like a crescent or sickle, and cause severe pain and damage to organs.Children with sickle cell,An important element of the work was to understand the influence of faith and religion on personal decisions about screening. The conditions are recessive genetic which means that both parents must carry the trait before it can be passed on to their child. Screening rates have improved over the past couple of years, but for some parents, the process opens up ethical dilemmas.Professor Atkin said: If a mother is identified as a carrier, her partner should be offered screening, enabling the couple to make an informed choice on the future of the pregnancy, but evidence suggested that few fathers were being tested even when their partner was a known carrier.Importance of screening,The team at York listened to the views of prospective mothers, fathers and medical staff. The results influenced Government policy on screening and informed a series of advice leaflets available nationally through the NHS. The team also:Supported the establishment of peer educators who provided information to over 1,000 people in at-risk communities;Contributed to a DVD aimed at African communities;Contributed to a Government consultation on the re-organisation of screening services in England.Professor Atkin said:Our research is developing more sensitive policy and practice that is more closely tailored to the needs of the communities most at risk from this condition. It has influenced ante-natal care and screening policies as well as advising doctors and nurses on how best to communicate with those at risk of inherited blood disorders.These are significant health issues with potentially serious consequences, both for those who have the disorders, but also those who are carriers of the recessive gene. Our findings are contributing to theoretical debates as well as policy and practice and will help people make informed decisions about their health.
接触有遗传血病风险的社区
健康和幸福风险、证据和决策，我们的健康科学专家的研究已经改进了镰状细胞病和地中海贫血症的治疗，这是两种最常见的遗传性血液疾病。在英国镰状细胞紊乱的风险最大的是非洲-加勒比或非洲血统，而地中海贫血则更普遍地存在于塞浦路斯、南亚和中国的人群中。由医学社会学家Karl Atkin领导的一个团队与卫生服务部门合作，以改善筛查和提高对社区中疾病的认识。他们还询问了孩子们与镰状细胞一起生活的经历，帮助我们更好地理解学校的最佳管理方式。这些疾病会影响红细胞。地中海贫血症患者的血红蛋白较少，血液循环较少，导致轻度或严重贫血。在镰状细胞紊乱中红细胞变得僵硬形状像新月或镰刀，对器官造成严重的疼痛和损害。镰状细胞的孩子，这项工作的一个重要组成部分是要了解宗教信仰和宗教对筛选的个人决定的影响。这种情况是隐性遗传，这意味着父母双方都必须携带这种性状，才能遗传给他们的孩子。在过去的几年里，筛查率有所提高，但对一些家长来说，一过程引发了道德上的两难困境。Atkin教授说:如果一位母亲被认为是一名携带者，她的伴侣应该被提供筛查，这使得这对夫妇能够在怀孕的未来做出明智的选择，但有证据表明，即使他们的伴侣是已知的携带者，也很少有父亲被测试。筛查的重要性，纽约的团队听取了准妈妈、父亲和医务人员的意见。这一结果影响了政府对筛查的政策，并通知了全国国民保健服务体系中提供的一系列建议传单。该小组还:支持建立在高危社区中向超过1000人提供信息的同行教育者;为非洲社区提供DVD;在英国，政府就重新组织筛查服务的问题进行了咨询。特金教授说:他说:我们的研究正在制定更加敏感的政策和实践，这些政策和实践更符合那些面临这种情况的社区的需要。它影响了产前保健和筛查政策，并向医生和护士建议如何最好地与那些有遗传性血液疾患的人交流。这些都是严重的健康问题，可能会产生严重的后果，不仅对那些有障碍的人，也包括那些携带隐性基因的人。我们的发现有助于理论辩论，以及政策和实践，有助于人们对自己的健康做出明智的决定。
领域七：未来的技术及杰出的研究成果介绍
Our researchers are developing novel technologies, processes and materials with the potential to transform the economic, environmental, and social landscape.From precision plasma manufacturing, to plants that can devour toxins, fundamental research is being rapidly translated into real world solutions.
我们的研究人员正在开发具有改变经济，环境和社会环境的潜力的新型技术，工艺和材料。从精密等离子体制造到可以吞噬毒素的植物，基础研究正在迅速转化为现实世界的解决方案。
Our scientists unlock the secrets of shell strength
We're a step closer to stronger synthetic materials, thanks to research which decoded the natural process that makes shells, coral and teeth hard.Researchers, including scientists at York, wanted to understand why in chalk, the mineral calcite is weak, but in mollusc shells, it has evolved into a much harder, tougher material capable of protecting the shell’s occupants from sharp-toothed predators.In a breakthrough which could pave the way for stronger synthetic materials, they found that the key to calcite’s toughness is linked to the role of amino acids, the basic building block of proteins which make up an integral part of biologically-formed minerals.Growing calcite crystals,To understand the chemistry behind the process, the team grew synthetic calcite samples in the lab in solutions containing different concentrations of the amino acids. They then tested the chemical and mechanical properties of the crystals formed.When two of the amino acids (aspartic acid and glycine) were added in controlled amounts, they increased the strength of single crystal calcite to match that of the biogenic calcite found in materials such as seashells, coral and teeth.The project involved analysis by researchers from our Departments of Chemistry and Archaeology, working with teams from the Universities of Leeds, Cambridge, Sheffield and Cornell University.Dr Kirsty Penkman, an analytical chemist at York and Dr Beatrice Demarchi from our Department of Archaeology measured the concentration of amino acid within each calcite crystal. The work was carried out in the North East Amino Acid Racemization (NEaar) labs at York.The work in the labs at York showed that the amino acids were incorporated directly into the single calcite crystals formed. said Dr Penkman. The modelling studies showed that this incorporation meant that to break the crystal apart, the bonds within the amino acids had to be broken too, giving the crystal much greater hardness.Mother Nature,Dr Penkman added: This hardening process has been applied by Mother Nature through over 500 million years of evolution. Now we have managed to replicate the technique in the lab.The understanding gained from this research opens up opportunities to apply the same mechanism to other man-made materials, such as synthetic bone implants, to increase their toughness and durability.
我们的科学家解开了壳层的秘密
对未来的技术，我们离更强的合成材料更近了一步，这多亏了一项研究，它破译了使贝壳、珊瑚和牙齿坚硬的自然过程。包括约克郡的科学家在内的研究人员想要弄明白为什么用粉笔来解释这种矿物质的原因，但在软体动物的壳里，它已经进化成了一种更坚硬、更坚硬的材料，能够保护壳里的人免受锋利的食肉动物的侵犯。他们发现，解石酸的关键在于氨基酸的作用。氨基酸是蛋白质的基本组成部分，构成了生物形成的矿物质的组成部分，而氨基酸是蛋白质的基本组成部分，这一突破有望为更强的合成材料铺平道路。方解石晶体增长，为了了解这一过程背后的化学成分，研究小组在实验室中合成了合成方解石样本，这些溶液中含有不同浓度的氨基酸。然后他们测试了晶体形成的化学和机械性能。当两种氨基酸(如天冬氨酸和甘氨酸)被加在控制量中，它们增加单晶体方解石的强度，以匹配在贝壳、珊瑚和牙齿等材料中发现的生物方解石。这个项目是由我们的化学和考古部门的研究人员进行的，他们与来自利兹大学、剑桥大学、谢菲尔德大学和康奈尔大学的团队合作。Kirsty Penkman博士，一位来自纽约的分析化学家和来自我们考古部门的Beatrice Demarchi博士，测量了每个方解石晶体中氨基酸的浓度。这项工作是在约克郡的北东氨基酸外消旋(NEaar)实验室进行的。约克实验室的研究表明，氨基酸被直接整合到单方解石晶体中。Penkman博士说。模型研究表明，这种结合意味着要打破晶体的分离，氨基酸内的键也必须被打破，从而使晶体更加坚硬。大自然，Penkman博士补充道:这一硬化过程已经被大自然母亲应用了超过5亿年的进化。现在我们已经成功地在实验室里复制了这项技术。从这项研究中获得的理解为将同样的机制应用于其他人造材料，如人造骨植入物，增加了它们的韧性和耐用性。