哈佛大学基本概况

　　哈佛大学是美国最古老的高等教育机构，创办于1636年，目前在QS世界排名中位列第三位，仅次于麻省理工学院和斯坦福大学。哈佛大学的基本情况是怎样的呢?和出国留学网来看看吧。

　　一、关于哈佛大学

　　Established

　　Harvard is the oldest institution of higher education in the United States, established in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

　　Faculty

　　About 2,400 faculty members and more than 10,400 academic appointments in affiliated teaching hospitals

　　Students

　　Harvard College: About 6,700

　　Graduate and professional students: About 15,250

　　Total: About 22,000

　　Alumni

　　More than 371,000 living alumni, over 279,000 in the U.S., and over 59,000 in some 202 other countries.

　　Honors

　　48 Nobel Laureates, 32 heads of state, 48 Pulitzer Prize winners

　　Motto

　　Veritas (Latin for “truth”)

　　Real Estate Holdings

　　5,457 acres

　　Faculties, Schools, and an Institute

　　Harvard University is made up of 11 principal academic units – ten faculties and the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study. The ten faculties oversee schools and divisions that offer courses and award academic degrees.

　　University Professors

　　The title of University Professor was created in 1935 to honor individuals whose groundbreaking work crosses the boundaries of multiple disciplines, allowing them to pursue research at any of Harvard’s Schools.

　　建立

　　哈佛大学是美国最古老的高等教育机构，创办于1636年，最初由马萨诸塞海湾殖民地议会决议成立。

　　师资力量

　　大约有2千4百名教职员工和1万4百多个学术职位在附属教学医院

　　学生

　　哈佛学院：将近6千7百人。

　　研究生和职业学位学生：约15250人。

　　总共：月2万2千人。

　　校友：在世的校友有37万1千余人，其中27万9千余人住在美国，5万9千余人住在202个国家。

　　荣誉

　　诺贝尔奖得主48人，州长32人，普利策奖得主48人。

　　格言——“真理”。

　　房产所有——5457英亩。

　　学院、学系和机构

　　哈佛大学有11个基本的学术单元组成，有十个学院和德克利夫高级研究院。十个学院旗下分为学系和部门，课程和学位都学系和部门提供。

　　大学教授

　　大学教授这一职位创立于1935年，旨在给那些在多学科方面取得了突破性成就的人士以荣誉，让他们有机会在哈佛的任何一个学系从事研究。

　　二、历史沿革

　　Harvard is the oldest institution of higher education in the United States, established in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. It was named after the College’s first benefactor, the young minister John Harvard of Charlestown, who upon his death in 1638 left his library and half his estate to the institution. A statue of John Harvard stands today in front of University Hall in Harvard Yard, and is perhaps the University’s best known landmark.

　　哈佛大学是美国最古老的高等教育机构，创办于1636年，最早由马萨诸塞海湾殖民地议会决议成立。学校以学院的第一位捐赠者，年轻的查尔斯镇牧师约翰·哈佛的名字命名。约翰哈佛在1638年去世的时候给学院捐赠了他的私人图书馆和一半的财产。约翰哈佛的雕像如今矗立在哈佛园的大学礼堂，很可能是哈佛大学最为著名的纪念碑。

　　Year Description

　　1607 John Harvard, the College’s future namesake and first benefactor, was baptized at St. Saviour’s Church (now Southwark Cathedral), London.

　　1635 John Harvard received his M.A. from Cambridge University, England.

　　1636 First College in American colonies founded. The “Great and General Court of the Governor and Company of the Massachusetts Bay in New England” approves £400 for the establishment of “a schoale or colledge” later to be called “Harvard.”

　　1637 The Great and General Court orders the “colledge” established one year earlier to be located at Newetowne (renamed “Cambrige” in 1638).

　　Late 1637 or early 1638 The Overseers purchased the College’s first piece of real estate: a house and an acre of land from Goodman Peyntree. Located on the southern edge of “Cow-yard Row” and soon distinguished as the “College Yard,” this tract became the nucleus of present-day Harvard Yard and remains at the southern end of the Old Yard (the area west of Thayer, University, and Weld halls).

　　1638 John Harvard wills his library (400 books) and half his estate to the College.

　　1639 In recognition of John Harvard’s bequest, the Great and General Court orders “that the colledge agreed upon formerly to bee built at Cambridg shalbee called Harvard Colledge.”

　　1640 Reverend Henry Dunster is appointed first president of Harvard.

　　1642 First Harvard Commencement with nine graduates.

　　1649 The Town of Cambridge and President Henry Dunster give Harvard the “College Farm” at Billerica, Mass., which paid annual rent to the College until the farm was sold in 1775.

　　1650 Harvard granted Charter, still in effect today (with 2010 amendments).

　　1653 John Sassamon, a Massachuset Indian, became the first known Native American to study at Harvard (probably for a term or so). A disciple of Indian Bible translator John Eliot, Sassamon later became a scribe and interpreter to Wampanoag Chief Metacom (a.k.a. Metacomet, Pometacom, King Philip). In 1675, Sassamon was murdered as an English informant, touching off King Philip’s War, New England’s most devastating conflict between Natives and newcomers.

　　1692 Increase Mather awarded Harvard's first Doctor of Divinity degree.

　　1755 John Adams, future U.S. president, graduates.

　　1764 Original Harvard Hall burns, destroying some 5,000 volumes and all but one of John Harvard's books.

　　1775 Continental soldiers are quartered in Harvard buildings.

　　1776 Eight Harvard alumni sign the Declaration of Independence.

　　1780 The Massachusetts Constitution went into effect and officially recognized Harvard as a university. The first medical instruction given to Harvard students in 1781 and the founding of the Medical School in 1782 made it a university in fact as well as name.

　　1781 Oldest continuous chapter of Phi Beta Kappa formed at Harvard.

　　1782 Twenty-nine-year-old John Warren was appointed Professor of Anatomy and Surgery at the Medical School. During the previous year while head of the army hospital in Boston, he had given Harvard students their first formal medical instruction. Benjamin Waterhouse was named to a second Medical School professorship, in the “Theory and Practice of Physic.”

　　1783 With high ceremony, Harvard Medical School officially opened as the “Medical Institution of Harvard University.” Its first home was the ever-versatile Holden Chapel.

　　1787 John Quincy Adams, future U.S. president, graduates.

　　年份和描述

　　1607 约翰·哈佛，哈佛学院的创始人兼第一位捐赠人在伦敦St. Saviour’s Church(现在的萨瑟克座堂) 受洗。

　　1635 约翰·哈佛拿到英国剑桥大学的文学硕士学位。

　　1636 美洲殖民地第一个学院成立。新英格兰萨诸塞海湾殖民地议会同意拨款400英镑，成立学校或学院，即后来的哈佛学院。

　　1737 殖民地议会决定提前一年在新镇(1638年改名为“剑桥”)建立学院。在1637年下半年或1683年上半年， Overseers 买下来学院的第一份地产：一栋房子和Goodman Peyntree的一英亩土地。这份位于Cow-yard Row南端、不久成为“学院园”的地产成了存在至今的哈佛园的核心，并保持了其在“旧园”南端的位置，即在Thayer, University和 Weld halls西区南端的位置。

　　1638 约翰·哈佛去世，将含有400本书的图书馆和一半遗产捐赠给哈佛学院。

　　1639 为感谢以及纪念约翰·哈佛牧师在创立初期对学院的慷慨捐助，马萨诸塞海湾殖民地议会通过决议，将学校更名为“哈佛学院”。

　　1640 牧师亨利邓斯特被任命为哈佛学院第一任校长。

　　1642 哈佛首届毕业典礼。9名毕业生。

　　1649 剑桥城和校长亨利邓斯特在马萨诸塞州的比勒利卡为哈佛提供了校办农场。农场每年给学院支付一定租金，直到1775年被出售。

　　1950 哈佛获准成立法人机构，迄今有效(2010年经过修改)。

　　1653 马萨诸塞州印第安人约翰•西斯蒙成为首位有记录的在哈佛学习的美洲原住民(学习了一个或两个学期)。约翰•西斯蒙还是印第安圣经的信徒，后来成了万帕诺亚格人菲利普国王的抄写员和阐释者。1675年，西斯蒙最为英国告密者被杀，引发了新英格兰地区土著人和移民之间的最惨烈的冲突菲利普王战争。

　　1692 英克里斯·马瑟获得哈佛首个神学博士学位。

　　1755 后来的美国总统约翰·亚当斯毕业。

　　1764 哈佛礼堂起火，损坏了5000册图书和约翰哈佛的几乎所有书籍(只留下一本)。

　　1775 陆军战士驻扎哈佛。

　　1776 八位哈佛校友签署了《独立宣言》。

　　1780 马萨诸塞州宪法生效，正式将哈佛认可为大学。第一个医疗机构在1781年向哈佛学生开放，成立于1782年的医学院使得哈佛成为一所名副其实的大学。

　　1781 最早的持续经营的美国优等生荣誉组织在哈佛成立。

　　1782 年仅29岁的约翰沃伦被任命为医学院解剖与外科教授。前一年，在约翰沃伦担任波士顿军事医医院院长期间，约翰沃伦为哈佛学生提供了第一个正式的医疗机构。本杰明沃特豪斯成为医学院第二位教授(物理学理论与实践领域)。

　　1783 哈佛医学院正式以“哈佛大学医疗机构”名义开放，位于 人杰地灵的Holden Chapel。

　　1787 后来的美国总统约翰·昆西·亚当斯毕业。

　　1791 A writer in the Boston press accused Harvard of poisoning students’ minds with Edward Gibbon’s monumental History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1776-88). President Joseph Willard replied that far from even considering Gibbon, the College used a text by French historian Abbé Millot. Nathaniel Ames, who left Harvard around 1812, recalled Millot’s as “the most utterly worthless and contemptible work of that kind or any other extant.”

　　1810 John Thornton Kirkland begins 18-year presidency.

　　1815 University Hall is completed.

　　1816 The Divinity School is established.

　　1817 Harvard Law School is established (first reference to law school is Dane hall, 1832 in Harvard.edu list).

　　1829 Josiah Quincy begins his 16-year presidency.

　　1832 Dane Hall, the Law School’s first new building, was formally dedicated in Harvard Yard and served for more than half a century thereafter.

　　1836 Harvard Bicentennial.

　　1836 Henry Wadsworth Longfellow appointed professor.

　　1837 Ralph Waldo Emerson '21 delivers Phi Beta Kappa oration.

　　1839 Harvard Observatory is founded.

　　1845 Rutherford B. Hayes, future U.S. president, graduates from the Law School.

　　1846 John Collins Warren, Medical School professor, conducts first public demonstration of ether as surgical anesthetic.

　　1848 Louis Agassiz appointed professor of zoology and geography.

　　1849 Dr. George Parkman disappeared at the Medical School in one of the most famous murder cases in Harvard history. Earlier, Parkman had lent money to colleague Dr. John White Webster. To secure the loan, Webster gave Parkman a mortgage on his personal property, including a valuable collection of minerals. When Parkman learned that Webster had backed another loan with the same collection, he began relentlessly pursuing Webster to collect the debt. A week after the disappearance, a suspicious janitor broke through a brick vault below Webster’s lab and found human body parts, which the authorities soon discovered all around the lab. Found guilty of first-degree murder, Webster belatedly confessed and appealed for clemency, but was hanged on Aug. 30, 1850. Parkman’s widow led a fund drive to support Webster’s wife and children.

　　1852 Harvard wins first intercollegiate sports event, a boat race against Yale on Lake Winnipesaukee.

　　1854 Henry David Thoreau '37 publishes Walden.

　　1855 Holworthy Hall gets first gas lights in the Yard.

　　1791 波士顿出版社的一位作家指控哈佛教授爱德华吉本的里程碑式的作品《罗马帝国衰亡史》(1776-1788)，毒害了学生。时任校长的约瑟夫威拉德回应说学校没有用爱德华吉本做教材，相反，用的是法国历史学家Abbé Millot的作品。Nathaniel Ames在1812年左右离开哈佛，在回忆Abbé Millot的作品的时候，他说它是“史学领域或任何其他现存领域的最无价值和可鄙的作品。”

　　1810 约翰桑顿·柯克兰担任校长，开始了长达十八年的领导。

　　1815 大学礼堂建成。

　　1816 神学院建成。

　　1817 法学院建成。

　　1829 约西亚·昆西担任校长，开始了长达十六年的领导。

　　1832 法学院的第一栋新建筑Dane Hall正式在哈佛园建成，此后开放了50多年。

　　1836 哈佛两百周年纪念。

　　1837 拉尔夫·瓦尔多·爱默生在优等生荣誉组织演讲。

　　1839 哈佛天文台建成。

　　1845 拉瑟福德·伯查德·海斯，后来的美国总统，从法学院毕业。

　　1846 医学院教授约翰柯林斯沃伦首次公开证明了麻醉剂。

　　1848 路易斯·阿加西斯成为动物学和地理学教授。

　　1849 乔治帕克曼博士在医学院失踪，成为哈佛史上最著名的谋杀事件之一。早些时候，帕克曼给同事约翰怀特韦伯斯特博士借了一笔钱。为了还款，韦伯斯特以个人财产做抵押(包括收集的一些珍贵的矿物)。当帕克曼发现韦伯斯特以同样的收藏抵押了其他债务的时候，他开始无休止地让韦伯斯特还债。在失踪一个星期之后，一名可疑的清洁工打开了韦伯斯特实验室下方的一个砖拱地下室，发现了残肢。很快，当局在实验室四周也发现了残肢。 被发现为一级谋杀罪之后，韦伯斯特连续功罪和请求宽厚，但是于1850年8月30日被绞死。帕克曼的妻子为支持韦伯斯特妻子和孩子的生活，筹集了一笔资金。

　　1852 在与耶鲁大学在温尼珀索基湖的首届校际划船比赛中，哈佛胜出。

　　1854 亨利大卫索罗出版《瓦尔登湖》。

　　1855 Holworthy Hall在哈佛园点燃第一个煤气灯。

　　三、教研情况

　　About faculty

　　Harvard is known for global leadership in education, and the Harvard faculty is composed of men and women who are world-class scholars. Faculty members are passionate and curious individuals who continue their own research while teaching at Harvard. They come from across the country and all over the world, bringing with them a diverse wealth of knowledge.

　　Almost all Harvard College courses are designed, taught and overseen by Harvard faculty, and virtually all FAS faculty are required to teach as part of their duties. The faculty is highly accessible, and Harvard College class sizes are on average below 40, with over half the courses being offered each semester enrolling 10 or fewer students. This allows for a closer student-professor relationship and contributes to the sense of community on campus. Professors also make themselves available to students outside of the classroom, even beyond office hours, such as meeting in the dining hall or before or after class. The faculty at Harvard make a point of connecting with their students to create a fulfilling academic experience.

　　About research

　　The range of research activities at Harvard is broad and deep. Harvard scholars conduct research in almost every field, and seek to expand human knowledge through analysis, innovation, and insight.

　　Research is supported by more than $800 million of sponsored research funds each year, and it is carried out both in the departments of the Schools and the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, and at more than 100 research centers, on campus and around the world. Researchers include faculty members, visiting scholars, post-doctoral fellows, and graduate and undergraduate students, and they collaborate with colleagues across the University, at affiliated institutions, and at other research institutions.

　　师资力量方面

　　哈佛以全世界顶尖的教育著称，哈佛的全体教员由世界一流的学者组成，有男性也有女性。这些教员都是富有激情和好奇心的人士，在授课的同时从事各自的研究。他们来自美国各地和世界各地，并将种类繁多的海量的知识带到这里。

　　几乎所有的哈佛学院课程都是由哈佛教员设计、教授和监督，几乎所有的文理学院教员都需要参加教学活动。教员们十分平易近人，哈佛学院的班级规模平均在40人以下，一半以上的课程每年提供给注册10个或10个以下学分的学生。这便于建立更加亲密的师生关系，便于营造校园集体氛围。此外，教授们在课堂以外也可以接近，哪怕是在办公时间以外，比如可以在食堂或在课前课后见到教授。哈佛的教员特别重视联系学生，以此为学生提供富有成就的学术体验。

　　研究方面

　　哈佛的研究活动是广泛而深刻的。哈佛的学者们几乎在每个领域都有研究，他们努力通过分析、创新和洞察力扩宽人类知识。

　　哈佛的研究每年得到超多八亿美元的赞助资金。研究在学系部门、德克利夫高级研究院和100多个研究中心展开，在校园和世界各地展开。研究员包括教员、访问学者、博士后人员、研究生和本科生，他们通力合作，在大学、附属机构和其他研究机构展开研究。

　　四、校园设施

　　Library Collection

　　The Harvard Library—the largest academic library in the world—includes 20.4 million volumes, 180,000 serial titles, an estimated 400 million manuscript items, 10 million photographs, 124 million archived web pages, and 5.4 terabytes of born-digital archives and manuscripts. Access to this rich collection is provided by nearly 800 library staff members who operate more than 70 separate library units.

　　Museums

　　Harvard’s museums are stewards of more than 28 million works of art, artifacts, specimens, materials, and instruments. With deep roots in scholarship and teaching, these internationally renowned collections are fundamental to the development and continuation of many disciplines. These unparalleled institutions rank alongside some of the greatest museums in the world and they are open to the public. They welcome more than 650,000 local, national, and international visitors each year.

　　The House System

　　The housing system at Harvard is designed to create a full collegiate experience for all four years of undergraduate education. As freshmen, students live in one of the dormitories in Harvard Yard, a prime location, and eat in the historic and picturesque Annenberg dining hall.

　　After their first year at Harvard, students are placed into one of the 12 houses on campus and continue to live there for the remainder of their residential life at Harvard. Over ninety-seven percent of Harvard undergrads choose to live on campus for all four years, creating a strong campus community and undergraduate experience.

　　Each house has a resident master and a staff of tutors, and includes a dining hall, common areas, and recreational and cultural spaces that help give them each a distinct character. Many even field their own intramural sports teams or theater ensembles. The houses themselves also have unique histories and traditions that bring the students together and help to foster the close and long-lasting ties amongst the residents of each house.

　　The Faculty of Arts and Sciences and Harvard College announced plans to launch the systemwide effort to renew the University’s 12 undergraduate Houses. The announcement provides the first details about this ambitious initiative, unveiling the first full House to be renewed, the location of “swing” housing, and the pacing for the rest of the project.

　　图书馆

　　哈佛图书馆是世界上最大的学术图书馆，有20400万册藏书、18万个刊名、近4亿个手稿物件、1000万张照片、1亿2千4百万个存档网页和5.4个太字节的原声档案与手稿。这些丰富的馆藏资源由将近800名图书管理人员管理——他们经营70多个单独的图书馆单元。

　　博物馆

　　哈佛大学博物馆收藏有超过2800万件艺术作品、人工制品、样本、材料和乐器。这些闻名于世的博物馆藏品深深扎根于学术和教学之中，与诸多学科发展和继续的基本保障。这些无论伦比的机构位于世界上最伟大的博物馆之列。每年接到的当地、全国和国际游客超过65万。

　　住房制度

　　哈佛的住房制度旨在为所有四年制本科生创造完整的大学体验。大一新生住在哈佛园宿舍楼，食堂在古雅而优美的安嫩伯格。

　　第一年之后，学生会被安排到其中一个校园宿舍区(共12个)，在那里继续在哈佛的住校生活。94%以上的哈佛本科生选择四年都住校，因此有浓厚的校园氛围和本科体验。

　　每个宿舍区都有住宿管理员和导师团队，都有食堂、公共生活区文娱空间，因此都有自己的特点。许多宿舍区甚至有自己的校内体育团队或剧团。此外，宿舍区自身也有独特的历史和传统，将学生们聚集在一起，帮助在宿舍区与宿舍区之间建立紧密而持久的联系。

　　文理学院和哈佛学院已经宣布了启动全系统工作的计划。根据该计划，哈佛的12个本科宿舍区需要翻新。

　　五、著名校友

　　Nobel Laureates

　　Oliver Hart--Economics, 2016

　　Martin Karplus--Chemistry, 2013

　　Alvin Roth--Economics, 2012

　　Jack Szostak--Physiology and medicine, 2009

　　Al Gore--Nobel Peace Prize, 2007

　　Eric S. Maskin, '72, Ph.D. '76--Economics, 2007

　　Thomas C. Schelling--Economics 2005

　　Roy J. Glauber--Physics, 2005

　　Linda B. Buck--Physiology or Medicine, 2004

　　Riccardo Giacconi--Physics, 2002

　　A. Michael Spence, Ph.D. ’72--Economics, 2001

　　Amartya Sen--Economics, 1998

　　诺贝尔奖得主

　　奥利弗·哈特——2016年诺贝尔经济学奖

　　马丁·卡普拉斯——2013年诺贝尔化学奖

　　埃尔文·罗斯——2012年诺贝尔经济学奖

　　杰克·索斯塔克——2009年诺贝尔生理学和医学奖

　　阿尔戈尔——2007年诺贝尔和平奖

　　埃里克·马斯金——2007年诺贝尔经济学奖

　　托马斯.谢林——2005年诺贝尔经济学奖

　　罗伊·格劳伯——2005年诺贝尔物理学奖

　　琳达·巴克——2004年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

　　里卡尔多·贾科尼——2002年诺贝尔物理学奖

　　迈克尔斯彭斯——2001年诺贝尔经济学奖

　　阿玛蒂亚·森——1998年诺贝尔经济学奖

　　Pulitzer Prize Winners

　　* Prize awarded before appointment to the faculty.

　　**Prize awarded after retirement from the faculty.

　　***Prize awarded posthumously.

　　普利策奖得主

　　*在任职前获奖。

　　**退休之后获奖。

　　***死后获奖。

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