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2018中考英语语法：非谓语动词
一、利用主动和被动关系
这里说的主动与被动关系，指的是非谓语动词所表示的动作与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系还是被动关系。若是主动关系，非谓语动词就用主动式;若是被动关系，非谓语动词就用被动式。下面分三类举例说明：
1. 涉及不定式的主动与被动式
(1) I feel greatly honored _________ into their society. (北京卷)
A. to welcome B. welcoming C. to be welcomed D. welcomed
答案为C。be (feel) honored后习惯上接不定式，故可排除B和D;又因为I与welcome之间为被动关系，故用不定式的被动式。
(2) The message is very important, so it is supposed _________ as soon as possible. (陕西卷)
A. to be sent B. to send C. being sent D. sending
答案为A。be supposed后习惯上不接动名词，而接不定式，其意为“应该做某事”，故可排除C和D;又因为“消息”与“传达”之间为被动关系，故用被动式。
2. 涉及动名词的主动与被动式
At the beginning of class, the noise of desks _________ could be heard outside the classroom. (全国II)
A. opened and closed B. to be opened and closed
C. being opened and closed D. to open and close
答案为C。由于desks与open和close的关系是被动关系，故要用被动式，可排除D;又因为用于介词of后作宾语，所以要用动名词，不用不定式或过去分词，故可排除A和D，所以答案选C。
3. 涉及现在分词的主动与被动式
_________ that she was going off to sleep, I asked if she’d like that little doll on her bed. (北京卷)
A. Seeing B. To see C. See D. Seen
答案为A。首先要排除B和C，因为B为不定式，它用于句首时，通常是表示目的，在此不合句意;而C为动词原形，选它会构成祈使句，一是句意不通，二是这样会导致前后两句之间没有连词而出错。在剩下的A和D之间，只能选seeing，不能选seen，因为句子主语是 I与see之间为主动关系，而非被动关系。
【注意】由于过去分词本身可以表示被动，所以过去分词不用被动式，同时它也没有被动式。请看几道相关的考题：
(1) The trees _________ in the storm have been moved off the road. (湖南卷)
A. being blown down B. blown down C. blowing down D. to blow down
答案为B。由于trees与blow down之间为被动关系，故要用过去分词。blown down in the storm在此用作定语，修饰the trees，相当于定语从句which were blown down in the storm。
(2) To learn English well, we should find opportunities to hear English _________ as much as we can. (江苏卷)
A. speak B. speaking C. spoken D. to speak
答案为C。由于English与speak之间为被动关系，故要用过去分词。
(3) We finished the run in less than half the time _________. (江西卷)
A. allowing B. to allow C. allowed D. allows
答案为C。由于time与allow之间为被动关系，故要用过去分词。in the time allowed意为“在规定的时间内”。
二、利用动作的先后关系
动作的先后关系在选项中的直接体现为一般式还是完成式。一般说来，当非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前时，非谓语动词原则上要用完成式。
1. 涉及不定式的动作先后关系
Leonardo da Vinci(1452-1519) _________ birds kept in cages in order to have the pleasure of setting them free. (重庆卷)
A. is said to be buying B. is said to have bought
C. had said to buy D. has said to have bought
答案为B。“be said+不定式”是英语中一个很有用的结构，其意为“据说”。其中的不定式是用一般式还是完成式，取决于该不定式所表示的动作是发生在谓语动作之前还是之后。根据句意可知，buy birds肯定发生在过去，或者说发生在is said之前，所以其中的不定式要用完成式，故答案选B。又如：Mr. Brown is said to have died of liver cancer. 据说布朗先生死于肝癌。
2. 涉及动名词的动作先后关系
I hear they’ve promoted Tom, but he didn’t mention _________ when we talked on the phone. (江西卷)
A. to promote B. having been promoted
C. having promoted D. to be promoted
答案为B。由于动词mention后接动词作宾语时，习惯上要用动名词，不用不定式，故可排除A和D;再根据句意可知，句中的he与promote之间为被动关系，故要用被动式，同时，由于“被提拔”与“提到”之间有明显的先后关系，即“被提拔”在先，“提到”在后，故用动名词的完成被动式，即答案选B。
3. 涉及现在分词的动作先后关系
(1) _________ around the Water Cube, we were then taken to see the Bird’s Nest for the 2008 Olympic Games. (陕西卷)
A. Having shown B. To be shown
C. Having been shown D. To show
答案为C。根据句意可知，“我们”与“带去参观”之间为被动关系，故应用非谓语动词的被动式，可排除A和D;再根据句中的then可知，前后动作有明显的先后关系，故先发生的动作要用完成式，故选C。
(2) _________ to reach them on the phone, we sent an email instead. (重庆卷)
A. Fail B. Failed C. To fail D. Having failed
答案为D。根据语境分析，“用电话联系”与“发电子邮件”两个动作之间有明显的先后关系，故先发生的动作要用完成式。
【注意】由于过去分词本身可以表示完成，所以过去分词不用完成式，同时它也没有完成式。请看一道相关的高考题：
It is one of the funniest things _________ on the Internet so far this year. (浙江卷)
A. finding B. being found C. to find D. found
答案为D。由于things与find之间为被动关系，故可排除A和C。根据句意，应该是这件有趣的事先被人们发现，后才被人们谈论，但由于过去分词没有完成式，故用一般式表示完成，故选found。
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