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Education Philosophy
AIn 1660s, while there are few accurate statistics for child mortality in the preinduslrial world, there is evidence that as many as 30 percent of all children died before they were 14 days old. Few families survived intact. All parents expected to bury some of their children and they found it difficult to invest emotionally in such a tenuous existence as a newborn child. When the loss of a child was commonplace, parents protected themselves from the emotional consequences of the death by refusing to make an emotional commitment to the infant. How else can we explain mothers who call the infant or leave dying babies in gutters, or mention the death of a child in the same paragraph with a reference to pickles?
BOne of the most important social changes to take place in the Western world in 18th century was the result of the movement from an agrarian economy to an industrial one. Increasingly, families left the farms and their small-town life and moved to cities where life was very different for them. Social supports that had previously existed in the smaller community disappeared, and problems of poverty, crime, sub-standard housing and disease increased. For the poorest children, childhood could be painfully short, as additional income was needed to help support the family and young children were forced into early employment. Children as young as 7 might b...
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Don‘t wash those fossils!
Standard museum practice can wash away DNA.
1.Washing，brushing and varnishing fossils — all standard conservation treatments used by many fossil hunters and museum curators alike — vastly reduces the chances of recovering ancient DNA.
2.Instead，excavators should be handling at least some of their bounty with gloves，and freezing samples as they are found，dirt and all，concludes a paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences today.
3.Although many palaeontologists know anecdotally that this is the best way to up the odds of extracting good DNA，Eva-Maria Geigl of the Jacques Monod Institute in Paris，France，and her colleagues have now shown just how important conservation practices can be. This information，they say，needs to be hammered home among the people who are actually out in the field digging up bones.
4.Geigl and her colleagues looked at 3，200-year-old fossil bones belonging to a single individual of an extinct cattle species，called an aurochs. The fossils were dug up at a site in France at two different times — either in 1947，and stored in a museum collection，or in 2004，and conserved in sterile conditions at -20 oC.
5.The team’s attempts to extract DNA from the 1947 bones all failed. The newly excavated fossils，however，all yielded DNA.
...
下面是出国留学网【雅思】频道提供的雅思阅读模拟试题(学术类)，欢迎参考。
您将有1个小时时间完成雅思学术类考试阅读部分测试，试题共分为三部分。
模拟阅读试题分为三部分，每一部分试题分别在不同网页内。为了能尽可能模拟真实考试情景，请确保您能快速转换到下一网页。
请计时测试并于1小时内完成三部分试题。本套模拟测试题中共有40道题，每答对1题得1分。如果您更喜欢离线学习，请下载试卷和空白答题纸。
考试结束后需要上交试卷和答题纸。
答题指南
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• 请在试卷上方空格处写上您的姓名和准考证号
• 请在试卷上方空格处写上您的姓名和准考证号
• 请回答所有问题
• 请用铅笔将答案填写在答题纸上
• 必须在规定时间内填写完答题纸
检查
完成模拟测试题后，您可以下载标准答案，检查答题情况。
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下面是出国留学网【雅思】频道提供的雅思阅读模拟试题(培训类)，欢迎参考。
您将有1个小时完成雅思培训类考试阅读部分测试，试题共分为三部分。
模拟阅读试题分为三部分，每一部分试题分别在不同网页内。为了能尽可能模拟真实考试情景，请确保您能快速转换到下一网页。 请计时测试并于1小时内完成三部分试题。本套模拟练习题中共有40道题，每答对1题得1分。如果您更喜欢离线学习，请下载试卷和空白答题纸。
在实际考试中，监考人员会宣读如下注意事项：
• 监考人员宣布打开试卷前，不得提前打开试卷
• 请在试卷上方空格处写上您的姓名和准考证号
• 请认真阅读试题每部分答题要求
• 请回答所有问题
• 请用铅笔将答案填写在答题纸上
• 必须在规定时间内填写完答题纸
考试结束后需要上交试卷和答题纸。
检查
完成模拟练习题后，您可以下载标准答案，检查答题情况。
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★How to increase sales
Published online: Nov 9th 2006
From The Economist print edition
How shops can exploit people's herd mentality to increase sales
1.A TRIP to the supermarket may not seem like an exercise in psychological warfare—but it is.Shopkeepers know that filling a store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they had intended.Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors.Now researchers are investigating how “swarm intelligence” (that is，how ants，bees or any social animal，including humans，behave in a crowd) can be used to influence what people buy.
2.At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome，Zeeshan-ul-hassan Usmani，a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology，described a new way to increase impulse buying using this phenomenon.Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted: for instance，by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store，forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them.Mr Usmani and Ronaldo Menezes，also of the Florida Institute of Technology，set out to enhance this tendency to buy more by playing on the herd instinct.The idea is that，if a certain product is seen to be popular，shoppers are likely to choose it too.The challenge...
★ Rogue theory of smell gets a boost
Published online: 6 December 2006
Rogue theory of smell gets a boost
1．A controversial theory of how we smell，which claims that our fine sense of odour depends on quantum mechanics，has been given the thumbs up by a team of physicists．
2．Calculations by researchers at University College London (UCL) show that the idea that we smell odour molecules by sensing their molecular vibrations makes sense in terms of the physics involved．
3．That's still some way from proving that the theory，proposed in the mid-1990s by biophysicist Luca Turin，is correct．But it should make other scientists take the idea more seriously．
4．"This is a big step forward，" says Turin，who has now set up his own perfume company Flexitral in Virginia．He says that since he published his theory，"it has been ignored rather than criticized．"
5．Most scientists have assumed that our sense of smell depends on receptors in the nose detecting the shape of incoming molecules，which triggers a signal to the brain．This molecular 'lock and key' process is thought to lie behind a wide range of the body's detection systems: it is how some parts of the immune system recognise invaders，for example，and how the tongue recognizes some tastes．
6．But Turin argued that smell doesn't seem to fit this picture very well．Molecules that look almost identical can smell very different — such as alcohols，which smell like spi...
★Why did a promising heart drug fail?
Doomed drug highlights complications of meddling with cholesterol.
1.The failure of a high-profile cholesterol drug has thrown a spotlight on the complicated machinery that regulates cholesterol levels.But many researchers remain confident that drugs to boost levels of 'good' cholesterol are still one of the most promising means to combat spiralling heart disease.
2.Drug company Pfizer announced on 2 December that it was cancelling all clinical trials of torcetrapib，a drug designed to raise heart-protective high-density lipoproteins (HDLs).In a trial of 15000 patients，a safety board found that more people died or suffered cardiovascular problems after taking the drug plus a cholesterol-lowering statin than those in a control group who took the statin alone.
3.The news came as a kick in the teeth to many cardiologists because earlier tests in animals and people suggested it would lower rates of cardiovascular disease."There have been no red flags to my knowledge，" says John Chapman，a specialist in lipoproteins and atherosclerosis at the National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM) in Paris who has also studied torcetrapib."This cancellation came as a complete shock."
4.Torcetrapib is one of the most advanced of a new breed of drugs designed to raise levels of HDLs，which ferry cholesterol out of artery-clogging plaques to the liver for removal from the body...
★The Triumph of Unreason
A.Neoclassical economics is built on the assumption that humans are rational beings who have a clear idea of their best interests and strive to extract maximum benefit (or “utility”, in economist-speak) from any situation.Neoclassical economics assumes that the process of decision-making is rational.But that contradicts growing evidence that decision-making draws on the emotions—even when reason is clearly involved.
B.The role of emotions in decisions makes perfect sense.For situations met frequently in the past, such as obtaining food and mates, and confronting or fleeing from threats, the neural mechanisms required to weigh up the pros and cons will have been honed by evolution to produce an optimal outcome.Since emotion is the mechanism by which animals are prodded towards such outcomes, evolutionary and economic theory predict the same practical consequences for utility in these cases.But does this still apply when the ancestral machinery has to respond to the stimuli of urban modernity?
C.One of the people who thinks that it does not is George Loewenstein, an economist at Carnegie Mellon University, in Pittsburgh.In particular, he suspects that modern shopping has subverted the decision-making machinery in a way that encourages people to run up debt.To prove the point he has teamed up with two psychologists, Brian Knutson of Stanford University and Drazen Prelec of the Massachusetts Institute of...
★Don't wash those fossils!
Standard museum practice can wash away DNA.
1.Washing，brushing and varnishing fossils — all standard conservation treatments used by many fossil hunters and museum curators alike — vastly reduces the chances of recovering ancient DNA.
2.Instead，excavators should be handling at least some of their bounty with gloves，and freezing samples as they are found，dirt and all，concludes a paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences today.
3.Although many palaeontologists know anecdotally that this is the best way to up the odds of extracting good DNA，Eva-Maria Geigl of the Jacques Monod Institute in Paris，France，and her colleagues have now shown just how important conservation practices can be. This information，they say，needs to be hammered home among the people who are actually out in the field digging up bones.
4.Geigl and her colleagues looked at 3,200-year-old fossil bones belonging to a single individual of an extinct cattle species，called an aurochs. The fossils were dug up at a site in France at two different times — either in 1947，and stored in a museum collection，or in 2004，and conserved in sterile conditions at -20 ºC.
5.The team's attempts to extract DNA from the 1947 bones all failed. The newly excavated fossils，however，all yielded DNA.
6.Because the bones had been buried for the same amount of time，and in the same conditions，the conservat...
★Search begins for 'Earth' beyond solar system
Staff and agencies
Wednesday December 27，2006
Guardian Unlimited
1.A European spacecraft took off today to spearhead the search for another "Earth" among the stars.
2.The Corot space telescope blasted off aboard a Russian Soyuz rocket from the Baikonur cosmodrome in Kazakhstan shortly after 2.20pm.
3.Corot，short for convection rotation and planetary transits，is the first instrument capable of finding small rocky planets beyond the solar system.Any such planet situated in the right orbit stands a good chance of having liquid water on its surface，and quite possibly life，although a leading scientist involved in the project said it was unlikely to find "any little green men".
4.Developed by the French space agency，CNES，and partnered by the European Space Agency (ESA)，Austria，Belgium，Germany，Brazil and Spain，Corot will monitor around 120,000 stars with its 27cm telescope from a polar orbit 514 miles above the Earth.Over two and a half years，it will focus on five to six different areas of the sky，measuring the brightness of about 10,000 stars every 512 seconds.
5."At the present moment we are hoping to find out more about the nature of planets around stars which are potential habitats.We are looking at habitable planets，not inhabited planets.We are not going to find any little green men," Professor Ian Roxburgh，an ESA scientist who has bee...
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