三、教研优势
1.研究重点领域
Based on our mission, we focus on the domain of food and living environment.In that domain, we distinguish three related, partly overlapping core areas: Society and well-being, Food, feed and biobased production and Natural resources and living environment.The boundaries of the core areas cannot be sharply delineated. The division into three core areas, therefore, primarily serves as a detailed description of our sphere of activity. In practice we emphasise the coherence and overlap between the core areas. Many new insights and applications are generated in this overlap; an integrated approach is required to contribute to the major social issues.
基于我们的使命，我们专注于食品和生活环境领域。在这个领域，我们区分了三个相关的，部分重叠的核心领域：社会与福祉、粮食、饲料和生物基生产以及自然资源和生活环境。核心区域的边界不能大幅划定。因此，分为三个核心领域，主要作为我们活动领域的详细描述。实际上，我们强调核心领域之间的一致性和重叠。在这种重叠中产生了许多新的见解和应用; 需要采取综合办法来促进主要的社会问题。食品，饲料和生物基生产：核心领域食品，饲料和生物基生产包括可持续生产和加工食品、饲料和生物基产品、国际食品链和网络、食品安全和食品健康方面。自然资源和生活环境：核心区域自然资源和生活环境包括自然栖息地、景观、土地利用、水、海、自然资源和生物多样性的管理。社会与福祉：社会和福祉研究与食物和生活环境，生活方式和观念有关的人类行为，但也侧重于机构，治理，市场和链条以及社会创新。
二、杰出研究成果展示
Our food in 2030
How can we make sure there is healthy, safe and affordable food that has been sustainably produced in our shops in about ten or twenty years' time? Wageningen University & Research has examined this question at the request of the European Commission.The question is important, given the widespread ecological concerns about climate change, sustainable energy, clean water and raw materials, as well as social concerns surrounding obesity and the ageing of the population. As ever, these problems also have implications for our food production, processing and sale.In the publication Food Transitions 2030, Wageningen has outlined what it will take to achieve a sustainable food system: a circular, climate-friendly system that can provide affordable, reliable, healthy and sufficient food for everyone.WUR will present its recommendations for European food policy at the Mansholt Lecture on 20 September in Brussels. The Mansholt Lecture is named after Sicco Mansholt, former Dutch minister of agriculture and European Commissioner for agriculture.Europe has all the tools bring about that change, says Frans Kampers, the coordinator for several innovative technologies at WUR and co-author of the report. ‘Europeans feel the need to adapt, because we understand the consequences of climate change. We have the scientists and industry in the field of agro-food, and they are willing to cooperate. We have functioning public authorities capable of defending public values. And we have citizens who are organised, able to articulate what they think and who are prepared to enter into a debate about it.Consumers also have a role to play. Confidence in food can be a major benefit. You need food daily; proper nutrition is important for your health; there are values and standards connected with food; and eating and drinking are also social activities. As a result, it’s important that consumers value and accept changes and are prepared to think and talk about them. Involving consumers in innovations and being transparent about them means each effort has the chance to bear fruit.The challenge we face with regard to our food in 2030 is so great as to warrant a Joint Technology Initiative for the agro-food sector, says Kampers. Such initiatives are major EU programmes for technology development to tackle significant problems, such as those around medicines and fuel cells. By channelling resources through such programmes, the EU is encouraging cooperation between business and science, government and civil society organisations, to get the necessary developments rolling. ‘By doing the same for the agricultural sector, the EU can provide key impetus to sustainable, future-proof innovations in the agricultural sector.’
研究成果一：我们在2030年的食物
十几二十年后，我们如何确保在我们的商店内可持续生产的健康，安全和负担得起的食物?瓦格宁根大学和研究所应欧盟委员会的要求审查了这个问题。鉴于气候变化，可持续能源，清洁水和原材料以及对肥胖和人口老龄化等社会问题的广泛关注，这一问题很重要。一如以往，这些问题也对我们的食品生产，加工和销售产生了影响。在出版物“ 2030年食物转型”中，瓦格宁根概述了实现可持续粮食系统将是一个循环的，适合气候的系统，可为每个人提供价格实惠、可靠、健康和足够的食物。WUR将于9月20日在布鲁塞尔的曼斯科讲座上向欧洲食品政策提出建议。曼山讲座以前荷兰农业部长兼欧洲农业专员Sicco Mansholt命名。WUR的多项创新技术协调员Frans Kampers说，欧洲有所有工具带来这种变化。“欧洲人觉得需要适应，因为我们了解气候变化的后果。我们有农业食品领域的科学家和工业界，他们愿意合作。我们有能力维护公共价值观的公共机构。我们有公民有组织，能够表达他们的想法，谁准备就此进行辩论。欧洲能够持续创新我们的食品体系瓦兰宁根大学研究学院，然而，仅仅有可能刺激变革的条件并不会使过程更容易。农民、食品加工企业、超级市场的利润很小、食品行业依赖于大型生产设施，不容易被重塑或替代。这限制了创新的范围。此外，社会认为一些解决方案比其他解决方案更可接受 甘斯基以遗传修饰为例：“欧洲早期转向转基因生物门户，而世界其他地区则向前推进。由于这也对我们在欧洲产生了影响，所以至关重要的是要继续询问发展可能走多远，而不是立即拒绝创新。坎培斯表示：“规定”是阻碍食品行业创新的另一个障碍。“如果您是一家公司，并且您想要修改生产流程以节省能源，最终产品的结果略有改变，您必须建立一个完整的档案来证明您的产品仍然是安全的。由于这涉及重大的财务风险，企业往往选择不走下去。与此同时，我们每天饮食多少，例如酒或软饮料，因为它们分别含有酒精和大量的糖，根本不会根据现行规定进入市场。所以有一个双重标准。相信您可以通过规则形容，并因此保证“百分百”的安全食品也是一种错觉。这意味着科学和工业产生的观念被灰尘所吸引。鉴于我们面临的挑战，这是我们真的买不起的。
解决方案：回到目标：建立符合我们可持续发展要求的食品系统，并在二十年内生产出足够数量的经济实惠，可靠和优质的食品。为此，瓦格宁根已经制定了一个有八个重点领域的研究议程。消费者也可以发挥作用。对食物的信心可以是一个主要的好处。你每天都需要食物 适当的营养对您的健康至关重要 有与食品有关的价值观和标准; 饮食也是社会活动。因此，重要的是消费者重视和接受变化，并准备思考和谈论它们。消费者参与创新、透明化、意味着每一次努力都有机会结出果实。Kampers表示，2030年我们在食品方面所面临的挑战是如此之大以保证农业食品行业联合技术举措。这些举措是主要的欧盟技术开发计划，以解决诸如药物和燃料电池周围的重大问题。通过这些方案引导资源，欧盟正在鼓励商业与科学，政府和民间社会组织之间的合作，推动必要的发展。“为农业部门做同样的事情，欧盟可以为可持续发展，面向未来的农业创新提供重要动力。”
Do you know what Psittacosis is?
Have you ever become sick after being near a bird with mucus discharge – a parrot-like bird, dove, goose or wild bird – or having worked with chickens? Then you should consider psittacosis, an infectious disease, also known as parrot disease.It is in fact a fairly elusive zoonosis and one that can pass from animals to humans. There are still fewer than fifty patients registered in the Netherlands annually, and it is very likely that the disease is not always recognised as such. However, being able to identify the disease is crucial in providing adequate treatment.nfected birds are often less active, lose appetite and have watery eyes with mucus discharge. The bacteria leave the infected animal through mucus discharge, droppings and ocular fluid. Dried-up droppings and mucus can float through the air, like fine dust particles, and you can inhale them as you would any other fine particles. Infection enters the body through your lungs. It takes one to four weeks from the time of infection before you actually become sick. An untreated bird may remain infectious for several months.As a rule, people suffer complaints such as shivers, fever, coughing, shortness of breath and severe headaches. The symptoms are very similar to flu, and the illness is often mild. But psittacosis is not caused by a virus, as is flu, but by a bacterium called Chlamydia psittaci. And the disease can develop into a lung infection.Antibiotics are the usual treatment for bacterial infections, but not all antibiotics are effective against C. psittaci, which means that some treatments are ineffective. This is why it is important to know quickly the type of bacteria that is, or might be, infecting a patient.You should not receive any medicine from a pet shop for a healthy birdHendrik-Jan roest, veterinarian and microbiologist with Wageningen Bioveterinary Research
Because of the seriousness of the disease in animals and humans and the fact that people may pick up the disease from birds, psittacosis is a notifiable disease, i.e. you are obliged to report it. This means that if the disease is detected in humans or animals, a doctor must report human infections to the Public Health Authorities (GGD in the Netherlands) and vets must notify the Animal Health Authorities (NVWA in the Netherlands) about cases in animals. The intention is to prevent more people and animals becoming sick.Recent known outbreaks in the Netherlands only occurred among visitors of a bird show in Weurt in 2007 and members of staff at a bird rescue centre in Rotterdam in 2012. However, during the last ten years, the bacterium has also been reported at several chicken farms around the world, including in Belgium and France. And that means that the disease is also a potential threat to people working in the poultry sector.
To gain an insight into the spread of the disease among humans and animals as well as cross infections, Wageningen University & Research started the Plat4m-2Bt-psittacose website over two years ago. The platform gathers data on the occurrence of the disease in humans and animals, all in one place. 'We hope to be able to find the sources of the disease more easily and to fight the disease better,' says Hendrik-Jan Roest from WBVR. That is why parties from the human and animal health care sectors are working together on this. Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR) is leading the research, while RIVM (The Dutch National Institute for Public Health and ZonMw (The Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development) are financing it.In addition, the Dutch Food and Welfare Authority (NVWA) has commissioned WBVR to test whether birds actually carry C. psittaci bacteria. This requires samples from the cloaca (the opening where droppings, moisture and eggs are ejected) or faeces.A general practitioner (GP) sees few patients with infectious diseases during consultation hours. So, what if you get flu-like complaints outside of the flu season and you have a pet bird? You should report those facts to your GP, even if you are not sure if your bird has been ill.Finally, if you buy a bird, you should expect to get a healthy animal and good nutrition advice.
研究成果二：你知道什么是鹦鹉病吗?
在附近有粘液排泄物的鸟类 - 像鹦鹉般的鸟、鸽子、鹅还是野鸟或与鸡一起工作时，你有没有生病?那么你应该考虑鹦鹉病，一种传染病，也被称为鹦鹉病。事实上，它是一种相当难以捉摸的动物传染病，可以从动物传给人类。荷兰每年仍有不到五十名患者登记，很可能这种疾病并不总是得到承认。然而，能够识别疾病对于提供充分的治疗至关重要。症状：受感染的鸟类通常活动较少、食欲不振、眼睛有粘液出血。细菌通过粘液排泄物，粪便和眼睛液体离开受感染的动物。干涸的粪便和粘液可以漂浮在空气中，如细小的尘埃颗粒，你可以像任何其他细颗粒一样吸入它们。感染通过你的肺进入身体。感染之前需要一到四周的时间才能生病。未经处理的鸟类可能会持续感染数月。肺部感染：一般来说，人们会受到诸如颤抖，发烧，咳嗽，呼吸急促和严重头痛的投诉。症状与流感非常相似，疾病往往温和。但鹦鹉病不是由流感引起的病毒，而是被称为鹦鹉热衣原体的细菌所致。并且该疾病可发展成肺部感染。抗生素是细菌感染的常用治疗方法，但并不是所有的抗生素都对鹦鹉鸟有效，这意味着一些治疗方法是无效的。这就是为什么重要的是要快速知道感染病人或可能感染病人的细菌类型。申报疾病，由于动物和人类疾病的严重性以及人们可能会从鸟类身上获取疾病，因此鹦鹉病是一种通报疾病，即您有义务举报。这意味着如果在人类或动物身上检测到这种疾病，医生必须向公共卫生当局(荷兰GGD)报告人类感染，兽医必须通知动物卫生当局(NVWA，荷兰)有关动物病例。目的是防止更多的人和动物生病。最近在荷兰发生的爆发事件只发生在2007年的Weurt博物馆的观众和2012年鹿特丹鸟类救援中心的工作人员中。不过，在过去十年间，这个细菌也在几个养鸡场被报道包括在比利时和法国的世界各地。这意味着这种疾病也是对家禽业工作的人的潜在威胁。
瓦格宁根大学和研究所在两年前开始了Plat4m-2Bt-鹦鹉糖网站，以了解人类和动物以及交叉感染疾病的传播。该平台将人类和动物疾病发生的数据汇集在一起。WBVR的Hendrik-Jan Roest说：“我们希望能够更容易地找到疾病的来源，更好地对抗疾病。这就是为什么来自人类和动物卫生部门的各方正在共同努力。瓦格宁根生物维生素研究(WBVR)正在引领研究，而荷兰国家公共卫生研究所和荷兰卫生研究与发展组织(ZONMW)(荷兰卫生研究和发展组织)正在融资。此外，荷兰食品和福利局(NVWA)委托WBVR测试鸟类是否实际携带鹦鹉热菌。这需要来自泄殖腔的样品(排泄物，水分和鸡蛋排出的开口)或粪便。
你可以做什么?全科医生(GP)在咨询时间内会看到传染病患者。那么，如果在流感季节以外感染流感样的抱怨，还有宠物鸟呢?你应该将这些事实报告给你的全科医生，即使你不确定你的鸟是否生病了。最后，如果你买一只鸟，你应该期待得到一个健康的动物和良好的营养咨询。鸟类在店内或卖方给予您或建议您使用药物是不正常的。 Food as medicine
A healthy diet and lifestyle as medicine for chronic illnesses: this is a very real solution, according to experts at Wageningen University & Research and other universities, as well as the Netherlands' National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM). Permanent diet and lifestyle changes can have extremely positive effects on the treatment of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, kidney disease and various bowel disorders.Lifestyle changes can sometimes make medication unnecessary. Take type 2 diabetes, for example, which is also known as age-related diabetes. Several studies by institutes such as Wageningen University & Research (WUR) have found that many prediabetic patients can discontinue their medication entirely if they start eating a healthier diet and exercising more frequently. Even patients who have been using insulin for years can stop their injections after just a few months of support and supervision. One such successful programme is 'Turn the tide on type 2 diabetes' (In Dutch: 'Keer diabetes type 2 om').
Another programme, 'Nutrition Alliance' (In Dutch: 'Alliantie Voeding in de Zorg'), applies the 'food and exercise as medicine principle' in practice. The alliance is a joint initiative of Gelderse Vallei Hospital in Ede and Wageningen University & Research. Patients are given the tools to improve their lifestyle based on scientific insights. This includes heart attack and COPD patients, as well as patients preparing for surgery. For several years now, hospital patients have been able to order their favourite foods when they want them. This meal service, which consists of an excellent menu, improves patients' eating habits and contributes to their recovery.The team of experts spent the past few months reviewing the literature and consulting other experts on nutrition measures that could help to alleviate the burden of chronic illnesses. They discussed the issue with nutritionists, doctors, dieticians, and representatives from patient associations and health insurers. The researchers compiled their findings in a report that was presented on 16 June during an Arts en Voeding conference for doctors interested in learning more about the latest scientific insights on nutrition and lifestyle. The report was commissioned by ZonMW, an organisation that promotes health research and health innovation.Diet and lifestyle advice deserves a prominent place in the treatment of chronic illnesses.Renger Witkamp, professor of Nutrition and Pharmacology at Wageningen University & ResearchThe study focused on type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), breast cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer and COPD. The Good Nutrition Guidelines drafted by the Health Council of the Netherlands are used to prescribe a healthy diet that helps to combat and prevent chronic illnesses. The content is then tailored to the illness being treated. Specific diets have been developed for a number of illnesses, which have proven to have positive health effects. Other important issues include sufficient exercise, relaxation, sleep and smoking cessation.
The researchers also have good news for patients who suffer from multiple chronic illnesses, such as heart disease and diabetes. A healthier diet often has a positive effect on overall health and can reduce the severity of comorbidity. 'This is all the more reason to incorporate nutrition and lifestyle advice into the treatment plan as soon as possible,' says Renger Witkamp, professor of Nutrition and Pharmacology at Wageningen University & Research. In short: less medication, more prevention, lower health care costs and better quality of life.How do we incorporate nutrition and lifestyle advice into the treatment of chronically ill patients? The first step is to change the way health care is financed, according to Witkamp. 'Health insurers primarily reimburse medications, which offer patients relief in the short term. The effects of lifestyle changes, on the other hand, are only seen in the long term. However, these changes do make lasting improvements to a person's health, even after the treatment has ended. This, of course, is assuming that patients maintain their healthy lifestyle. The health care financing system was designed to achieve short-term effects, not long-term effects like these.'
A second point involves the training of health care professionals, such as doctors, nurses and primary care assistants. 'They need to gain a better understanding of the effects of nutrition, lifestyle and the work of dieticians and lifestyle coaches,' says Witkamp. It is also important to effectively utilise the practical knowledge gained by health care providers and patients.
研究成果三：健康饮食和生活方式也许作为慢性疾病的药物
健康饮食和生活方式作为慢性疾病的药物：根据瓦格宁根大学和研究所等大学的专家以及荷兰国家公共卫生和环境研究所(RIVM)的统计，这是一个非常实际的解决方案。永久性饮食和生活方式的改变对心血管疾病、糖尿病、肾脏疾病和各种肠道疾病的治疗可以产生极大的积极影响。
糖尿病：生活方式的变化有时可能使药物不必要以2型糖尿病为例，也称为年龄相关性糖尿病。瓦格宁根大学和研究所(WUR)等研究机构的几项研究发现，如果开始吃更健康的饮食并且更频繁地运动，许多糖尿病患者可以完全停药。即使是多年使用胰岛素的患者，也可以在短短几个月的支持和监督下停止注射。一个这样成功的计划是“转变2型糖尿病的潮流”(荷兰语：“ Keer糖尿病2 om ”)。另一个方案， “营养联盟”(荷兰语：“ 德国独立报 ”)在实践中运用“食物和运动作为医学原则”。联盟是Ede和瓦格宁根大学与研究所的Gelderse Vallei医院的联合倡议。根据科学见解，为患者提供改善生活方式的工具。这包括心脏病发作和COPD患者，以及准备手术的患者。近几年来，医院病人在想要食物时就能够订购自己喜欢的食物。这个膳食服务包括一个优秀的菜单，可以改善患者的饮食习惯，并帮助他们康复。
生活方式：专家小组在过去几个月中回顾了文献，并就其他专家咨询了有助于缓解慢性疾病负担的营养措施。他们与营养学家，医生，营养师以及患者协会和健康保险公司的代表讨论了这个问题。研究人员在六月十六日的一次报告中汇总了调查结果，该报告是在一次有兴趣了解有关营养和生活方式的最新科学见解的医生的艺术会议上提出的。该报告由ZonMW委托，该组织是一个促进健康研究和健康创新的组织。饮食和生活方式的建议在治疗慢性疾病方面应该是一个突出的地方。瓦格宁根大学和研究学院营养与药理学教授Renger Witkamp良好的营养指南：研究重点是2型糖尿病、心血管疾病、肾脏疾病、肠易激综合征(IBS)、炎性肠病(IBD)、乳腺癌、结肠癌、肺癌COPD。由荷兰健康理事会起草的“ 良好营养指南”用于规定有助于预防慢性疾病的健康饮食。然后，内容适合所治疗的疾病。已经为许多疾病开发了具体的饮食，这些疾病已被证明具有积极的健康影响。其他重要问题包括充分的运动、放松、睡眠和戒烟。
合并症：研究人员对患有多种慢性疾病(如心脏病和糖尿病)的患者也有好消息。健康的饮食往往对整体健康有积极的影响，并可以降低合并症的严重程度。瓦格宁根大学和研究所营养与药理学教授莱格·威克坎普(Renger Witkamp)说：“这更是将营养和生活方式咨询纳入治疗计划的更多原因。总之：减少药物，更多的预防，降低医疗费用和更好的生活质量。如何实现这一点?我们如何将营养和生活方式咨询纳入长期病患者的治疗中?根据Witkamp的说法，第一步是改变医疗保健的融资方式。“健康保险公司主要偿还药物，在短期内为患者提供救济。另一方面，生活方式变化的影响只能从长远来看。然而，即使治疗结束后，这些变化也会使人的健康持续改善。这当然是假设病人保持健康的生活方式。医疗保健融资体系旨在实现短期效应，而不是长期效应。第二点涉及对医护人员，如医生，护士和初级保健助理人员的培训。“他们需要更好地了解营养，生活方式和营养师和生活方式教练的工作，”Witkamp说。有效利用医护人员和病人获得的实际知识也很重要。
More sustainable reception facilities for refugees
The number of refugees is growing worldwide. And so are the number and size of locations for refugee reception facilities. These facilities are sometimes the size of cities with thousands of residents. By taking the climate, quality of life and environment into account when setting up these temporary, large-scale reception facilities, the living conditions of both refugees and the local community can be improved.But how do you design a sustainable refugee camp?Wageningen has considerable in-house knowledge pertaining to the sustainability of cities. Metropolitan Solutions, as these are known, are design solutions for large cities, in order to make and keep them future-proof and liveable. It is namely expected that around 70% of people will live in urban areas by 2050. This represents a significant change compared to the last century. But how do you keep life in the city healthy and liveable for all these people? How do you design a city so that it is sustainable and climate-resilient?For this purpose, you need to think in circular terms at urban level. Briefly put: waste is a raw material. So how do you organise a circular city? And how do you ensure that there is adequate, proper and safe food for everyone. It also helps to mobilise governance. Institutes such as municipalities, entrepreneurs and organisations must effectively manage and coordinate these measures with each other.We will have to apply all our knowledge to effectively manage the growth in the number of refugees.When setting up refugee camps, the UN refugee organisation UNHCR specifically takes accessibility, the availability of water, drainage and the opportunities for sanitary facilities into consideration. Keeping the environmental impact as low as possible, climate resilience, employment and social interaction are not yet an automatic part of this.
However, sustainable accommodation and temporary reception facilities work very well together. If you design large-scale, temporary accommodation for refugees with the knowledge of sustainable cities as a foundation, this has benefits for both the refugees and local residents. First, it reduces the impact on the environment and nature. Second, the new residents are affected by feelings of isolation, dependence and hopelessness. A sustainable design enhances people’s resilience and gives them the strength to rebuild their lives elsewhere, or if the situation allows, where they came from. That also increases social support for reception facilities and refugee camps.On World Refugee Day, Tuesday 20 June, Wageningen University & Research is organising a symposium in conjunction with Deltares, Relief Base 31, the University of Twente and the Planetary Security Initiative (PSI): Changing Routes 2017. The sustainability of reception facilities is one of the topics of this symposium. Other topics include climate change migration, safety and security and boosting innovation and connectivity.WUR has taken the initiative for this first annual symposium. ‘We note the emergence of a new paradigm concerning migration and large-scale reception facilities,’ says Marian Stuiver of WUR. She is the programme leader of Metropolitan Solutions and co-initiator of the symposium. ‘Insights on how to deal with this migration are developing. Migratory flows due to disasters, violence and the consequences of climate change are only expected to increase. The question is how to deal with this increase and what geopolitical consequences will unfold.’‘The Netherlands is one of the major donors of humanitarian aid,’ continues Stuiver. ‘We will have to apply all our knowledge to effectively manage the growth in the number of refugees. We are proficient in themes such as inclusiveness, justice and sustainability. The growth of slum areas, where some migrants end up, is also a social problem. The sustainable development goals of the United Nations (SDGs) are reason alone to aspire to do something about this.’This calls for close cooperation between social organisations, knowledge institutions, government and the business community. The purpose of the symposium is therefore to work on joint actions and build new coalitions.
研究成果四：为难民提供可持续的接待设施
难民人数在全球不断增长。难民接待设施的数量和大小也是如此。这些设施有时是数千居民的城市规模。在建立这些临时的大型接待设施时，要考虑到气候，生活质量和环境质素，可以改善难民和当地社区的生活条件。但是你如何设计可持续的难民营?瓦格宁根在城市可持续发展方面拥有丰富的内部知识。大都会解决方案，因为这些众所周知，是大城市的设计解决方案，以使它们保持未来的发展和生活。预计到2050年，大约70%的人口将在城市生活。与上个世纪相比，这是一个重大变化。但是，如何使这个城市的生活保持健康，适合所有这些人?如何设计一个城市，使其具有可持续性和气候弹性?为此，您需要在城市一级思考。简单地说：废物是一种原料。那么你如何组织一个循环城市呢?而且如何确保每个人都有足够，适当和安全的食物。它也有助于动员治理。市，企业家，组织等机构必须有效地管理和协调这些措施。我们必须应用我们所有的知识来有效管理难民人数的增长。
难民专员办事处设立难民营时，难民专员办事处具体考虑到无障碍设施，供水、排水和卫生设施的机会。尽可能降低环境影响，气候恢复能力，就业和社会互动尚未成为自然的一部分。然而，可持续住宿和临时接待设施在一起非常好。如果以可持续城市为基础为难民设计大型临时住所，这对难民和当地居民都有好处。首先，它减少了对环境和自然的影响。第二，新居民受到孤立感，依赖感和绝望感的影响。可持续发展的设计增强了人们的韧性，并赋予他们在其他地方重建生活的力量，或者如果情况允许，他们来自哪里。这也增加了对接待设施和难民营的社会支持。
瓦格宁根大学与研究所于6月20日星期二在世界难民日举行了一次研讨会，与三角洲，救济基地31，特温特大学和行星安全倡议(PSI)：2017年改变路线。接待设施的可持续性是本次研讨会的主题之一。其他议题包括气候变化移民，安全和保障，促进创新和连接。WUR已经主动举办了第一次年度研讨会。WUR的Marian Stuiver说：“我们注意到有关移民和大型接待设施的新模式的出现。她是大都会解决方案的项目负责人，也是研讨会的共同发起人。“关于如何处理这种迁移的见解正在发展。由于灾害，暴力和气候变化的后果而导致的移民流量预计会增加。问题是如何应对这一增长以及地缘政治后果将会如何展开。““荷兰是人道主义援助的主要捐助者之一，”Stuiver继续说。“我们必须应用我们所有的知识来有效管理难民人数的增长。我们精通诸如包容性，正义性和可持续性等主题。一些移民最终出现的贫民区地区的增长也是一个社会问题。联合国(SDG)的可持续发展目标是理想的一个方面，希望对此有所了解。这就要求社会组织，知识机构，政府和商界之间进行密切合作。因此，研讨会的目的是共同行动，建立新的联盟。
Can we predict new infectious diseases?
Despite vaccines and antibiotics, we do not have infectious diseases under control. We are now trying to gain a better understanding of the evolution of the bacteria and viruses that cause these diseases. However, will this knowledge help us predict new infectious diseases and allow us to develop more targeted and effective antibiotics and vaccines?Infectious diseases have long posed the biggest threat to our health. Major pandemics, such as the Black Death in the fourteenth century and the Spanish flu in the twentieth century, cause widespread mortality and have catastrophic consequences for society. The discovery that bacteria, viruses and other parasites cause infectious diseases significantly reduced mortality rates in the twentieth century. This is partly because it led to improved hygiene, the discovery of antibiotics and the development of vaccines. Nevertheless, infections still pose a major threat to our health. Examples include the AIDS epidemic in the 1980s caused by the HIV virus (which is still a problem today), Q fever, SARS, the Mexican flu, Ebola and Zika.Why haven't we managed to control infectious diseases?The reason why we struggle to control infectious diseases is because the pathogens that cause them change and evolve continuously. Microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi and prions (distorted proteins) evolve rapidly and can adapt to both humans and drugs. For instance, they can develop resistance to the antibiotics we use to combat them. Infectious diseases that occur in animals and livestock can also evolve and be transmitted to and spread among humans. When this happens, a new infectious disease is born. This fear became a very scary reality when bird flu was detected in chickens and wild birds in the Netherlands in late 2016.What makes the development of new infectious diseases difficult to control is that potential pathogens can occur in large numbers and reproduce rapidly. This increases the likelihood that new disease strains will evolve and spread successfully.
In order to keep drug resistance and the development of new infectious diseases under control, we need to gain a better understanding of the evolution of the bacteria and viruses that cause them. Ideally, we want to be able to predict potential changes in order to develop targeted antibiotics and vaccines to prevent an outbreak of future diseases.We are trying to understand the factors that push evolution in a certain direction.Arjan de Visser, professor of Evolutionary Genetics at Wageningen University & Research.Evolution, however, is hard to predict due to the influence of unplanned events, such as changes to genetic material (mutations) that create new characteristics or unpredictable environmental changes that help to determine the success of new strains. For example, the success of a new zoonosis – an infectious disease in animals that can be transmitted to humans – not only requires a strain that is capable of animal-to-human transmission, the disease must also be transmittable through animal-human contact. This transmission can occur directly from animal to a human, or indirect via a vector (insects). An example of a vector borne disease is Malaria. The pathogen must then be able to successfully multiply in a human, and the infected person must have sufficient contact with other people in order to spread the disease in the human population.In short, our goal is to predict the evolution of new infectious diseases from a Global One Health perspective – a perspective that takes into account all relevant steps.
In Wageningen, we aim to take the first step by predicting the evolution of antibiotic resistance in the laboratory. We are doing this with the help of controlled evolution experiments in which bacteria populations are exposed to antibiotics. Due to their large numbers and rapid multiplication, even small populations (in a nutrient-rich water droplet, for example) become resistant to antibiotics in a short period of time.We repeat these evolution experiments on a large scale and analyse them afterwards. This helps us gain insight into the repeatability of evolution. If we find that this evolution follows the same sequence of mutations, we may be able to predict the pathways. This, in turn, may help us influence changes to the genetic material of bacteria in such a way that we can gain control of infectious diseases.Our research has found that evolution does indeed prefer certain mutation pathways that lead to antibiotic resistance. We are gaining a better understanding of the circumstances under which this occurs. For instance, we discovered that repeatability of evolution is greater in larger bacteria populations compared to smaller ones. We also found that smaller populations sometimes develop higher antibiotic resistance than larger ones. While some of these pathways make bacteria resistant to certain antibiotics, the good news is that it can make them more sensitive to others. This opens up new possibilities to create smart combinations of antibiotics that can circumvent the problem of resistance.Other research groups use mathematical models to predict the influenza virus in the next flu season. This can help us develop vaccines that can protect people from a future virus before it reaches the general population. Physicists Marta Luksza and Michael Lässig from the University of Cologne developed a model that can accurately predict which of the existing viruses will cause the dominant strain of the seasonal influenza virus. They did so by counting the number of mutations in a virus gene that interacts with our immune system. They examined mutations shared by many viruses, as these likely gave the virus an evolutionary advantage.Biologists have long tried to understand evolution by researching the similarities found in existing species that are themselves the product of evolution. Using mathematical models and evolution experiments in a laboratory setting, these researchers have started to predict future pathogen adaptations. An additional focus is on potentially damaging infectious diseases that are either new or resistant to our antibiotics. Predicting their emergence, however, requires a detailed understanding of how they evolve. New methods of researching and modelling evolution on a large scale and a holistic Global One Health approach are extremely important.
研究成果五：我们可以预测新的传染病吗?
尽管疫苗和抗生素，我们没有控制传染病。我们正在努力更好地了解引起这些疾病的细菌和病毒的演变。然而，这些知识是否有助于我们预测新的传染病，并使我们能够开发更有针对性和有效的抗生素和疫苗?传染病长期以来对我们的健康构成最大的威胁。十四世纪的黑人死亡和二十世纪的西班牙流感等重大流行病导致死亡率普遍，并对社会造成灾难性后果。发现细菌，病毒和其他寄生虫引起传染病在二十世纪显着降低了死亡率。这部分是因为它导致卫生改善，抗生素的发现和疫苗的开发。然而，感染仍然对我们的健康构成重大威胁。例子包括20世纪80年代由艾滋病病毒(今天仍然是一个问题)、发烧、SARS、墨西哥流感、埃博拉和Zika造成的艾滋病流行。西班牙流感是致命的流感大流行，始于1918年至1919年为什么我们没有设法控制传染病?我们为控制传染病而奋斗的原因是因为导致病原体不断变化和发展的病原体。微生物如细菌，病毒，真菌和朊病毒(扭曲蛋白)发展迅速，可以适应人类和药物。例如，他们可以发展抵抗我们用来对抗它们的抗生素。发生在动物和牲畜中的传染病也可以发展并传播给人类传播。发生这种情况时，就会出现新的传染病。这种恐惧在2016年晚些时候在荷兰的鸡和野鸟中发现禽流感时，变得非常可怕。新发传染病难以控制的原因是潜在的病原体可以大量发生，迅速繁殖。这增加了新病毒株将成功发展和传播的可能性。
为了保持耐药性和新型传染病的发展受到控制，我们需要更好地了解引起它们的细菌和病毒的进化。理想情况下，我们希望能够预测潜在的变化，以制定有针对性的抗生素和疫苗，以防止未来疾病的爆发。我们正在努力了解将进化推向某个方向的因素。瓦格宁根大学与研究进化遗传学教授Arjan de Visser然而，由于计划外事件的影响，例如遗传物质(突变)的变化，导致新的特征或不可预测的环境变化有助于确定新菌株的成功，进化是难以预测的。例如，新的动物传染病 - 可以传播给人类的动物传染病的成功。不仅需要能够进行动物与人传播的菌株，还必须通过动物。 人类接触传播疾病。这种传播可以直接从动物到人发生，或者通过载体(昆虫)间接发生。载体传播疾病的一个例子是疟疾 病原体必须能够在人体中成功繁殖，感染者必须与其他人有足够的接触，以便将疾病传播到人群中。简而言之，我们的目标是从全球一健康的角度预测新传染病的演变- 这一观点考虑到所有相关步骤。在瓦格宁根，我们的目标是通过预测实验室抗生素耐药性的进展来迈出第一步。我们正在通过控制进化实验来帮助细菌群体接触抗生素。由于其数量庞大和快速繁殖，即使是较小的种群(例如营养丰富的水滴)也能在短时间内抵抗抗生素。我们大量重复这些进化实验，然后对其进行分析。这有助于我们深入了解进化的重复性。如果我们发现这种进化遵循相同的突变序列，我们可能能够预测通路。反过来，这可以帮助我们以这样一种方式来影响细菌遗传物质的变化，从而可以控制传染病。
我们的研究发现，进化确实更倾向于导致抗生素抗性的某些突变途径。我们正在更好地了解这种情况。例如，我们发现与较小的细菌相比，较大的细菌群体进化的重复性更大。我们还发现，较小的人群有时会比较大的抗生素耐药性更高。虽然这些途径中的一些使细菌对某些抗生素具有抗性，但好消息是它可以使他们对他人更敏感。这为开创创新的抗生素组合提供了新的可能性，可以规避抵抗问题。其他研究小组使用数学模型预测下一个流感季节的流感病毒。这可以帮助我们开发可以在未来病毒到达普通人群之前保护人们免受未来病毒感染的疫苗。科隆大学的物理学家Marta Luksza和MichaelLässig开发了一个可以准确预测哪些现有病毒会导致季节性流感病毒的主要病毒的模型。他们通过计算与我们的免疫系统相互作用的病毒基因中的突变数量来实现。他们检查了许多病毒共享的突变，因为这可能给病毒带来了进化的优势。生物学家长期以来一直试图通过研究现有物种中发现的相似性来理解进化，这些物种本身就是进化的产物。在实验室设置中使用数学模型和进化实验，这些研究人员开始预测未来的病原体适应。另一个重点是潜在的破坏传染病，这些传染病是新的或抗生素的抗性。然而，预测它们的出现需要详细了解它们的发展。大规模研究和建模演变的新方法以及全球一健康方法是非常重要的。